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The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the relationship between fractures of the floor of the orbit (blow outs) and their repercussions on eye movement, based on the available scientific literature. In order to obtain more reliable results, we opted for a methodology that could answer the guiding question of this research. To this end, a systematic review of the literature was carried out, using a rigorous methodological approach. The risk of bias was assessed using version 2 of the Cochrane tool for the risk of bias in randomized trials (RoB 2). This systematic review was carried out according to a systematic review protocol previously registered on the PROSPERO platform. The searches were carried out in the PubMed (National Library of Medicine), Scopus, ScienceDirect, SciELO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Embase databases, initially resulting in 553 studies. After removing duplicates, 515 articles remained, 7 were considered eligible, of which 3 were selected for detailed analysis. However, the results of the included studies did not provide conclusive evidence of a direct relationship between orbital floor fractures and eye movement.

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ABSTRACT: Implantology allows edentulous patients to smile and chew with confidence. However, the atrophy at posterior region of the mandible is still a challenge due the presence of the inferior alveolar nerve (iAN). The options of restoration with oral implants in this area with great atrophies are few and hazardous. The possibilities are: bone grafting, short implants, which are not always possible. So, the solution falls on the techniques of inferior alveolar nerve lateralization (IANL) or transposition. The knowledge of the anatomy and path of the IAN is decisive in this type of surgery. But anatomical variations may occur. Like the presence of an accessory mental foramen. This clinical study will present a relatively rare case of the occurrence of an accessory mental foramen that obliged to change the technique of iAN lateralization to contour this anatomical variance and install oral implants, maintaining the integrity of the iAN bundle.

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ABSTRACT: Displaced fractures of the zygomatic bone that require surgical treatment are accessed transcutaneously but these accesses to the skin can cause a hypertrophy scar in patients with this predisposition. This paper indicates a modification in the lateral canthotomy that aim to minimize the hypertrophic scar in the treatment of zygomatic fracture.

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Erich bar is a basic techniquefor restoring occlusal alignment in patients with facial fractures.Although this method is used worldwide, there is no description of what is the best way to stabilize the bar that should be anchored tooth to tooth with steel wire. We describe the method of stabilizing the bar of current use in our Service. We indicate the use of this technique because it stabilizes the bar and, in our opinion, it reduces the need to twist the knots during the patient's return(AU)

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A male patient with facial trauma by road traffic accident arrived in the emergency room and he was assisted by the Trauma and Neurosurgery team. After clinical evaluation a frontal sinus anterior wall fracture plus a nasal fracture were diagnosed. On the primary OMS examination was checked multiple facial lacerations and gross nasal dorsum deviation with pain, nasal airway obstruction and crepitus with clinical diagnosis of a nasal fracture. After radiologic exam a piece of windshield glass that was superimposed on the nasal bones simulating a nasal fracture was visualized. This paper presents clinical data and literature review of foreign body mimicking facial fractures(AU)

Paciente do sexo masculino com trauma facial por acidente de trânsito foi avaliado na sala de emergência e foi atendido pelas equipes de Trauma e Neurocirurgia. Após avaliação clínica, foi diagnosticada fratura da parede anterior do seio frontal e fratura nasal. No exame facial foram verificadas múltiplas lacerações faciais e desvio do dorso nasal com dor, obstrução das vias aéreas e crepitação com diagnóstico clínico de fratura nasal. Após o exame radiográfico visualizou-se fragmento de vidro do pára-brisa que estava sobreposto nos ossos nasais simulando fratura. Este artigo apresenta dados clínicos e revisão de literatura de corpo estranho, mimetizando fraturas faciais(AU)

Un paciente masculino con trauma facial por accidente de tráfico llegó a la sala de emergencia y fue asistido por el equipo de Trauma and Neurocirurgia. Después de la evaluación clínica, se diagnosticaron fracturas de la pared anterior del seno frontal más una fractura nasal. En el examen primario de OMS se verificaron múltiples laceraciones faciales y desviación neta del dorso nasal con dolor, obstrucción nasal de las vías aéreas y crepitación con diagnóstico clínico de fractura nasal. Después del examen radiológico, se visualizó un trozo de vidrio del parabrisas superpuesto a los huesos nasales que simulaba una fractura nasal. Este artículo presenta datos clínicos y revisión de la literatura de cuerpos extraños que imitan fracturas faciales(AU)

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Objetivo: Relatar um caso de fixação de zigoma em ponto único "single point". Relato do caso: Paciente do gênero masculino, 58 anos, saudável, pardo, foi encaminhado ao Pronto Socorro Municipal do município de Osasco/SP relatando ter sido assaltado, sofrendo trauma facial. Ao exame físico específico observou-se perda de projeção zigomática direita, degrau palpável na sutura fronto zigomática, degrau mínimo no rebordo infra orbital e movimentação ocular normal, sem perda de sensibilidade na porção infra orbital. O paciente foi informado do diagnóstico e necessidade de tratamento cirúrgico. Após exames laboratoriais e consentimento, foi submetido a procedimento composto por: acesso supratarsal, exposição da fratura, redução, checagem da projeção e fixação utilizando miniplaca 2.0 mm. Procedeu-se a nova checagem da posição do zigoma onde verificou-se a resolução do degrau na margem infraorbital. No controle pós-operatório, observou-se abertura bucal normal e restauração da projeção zigomática. Conclusão: Quando corretamente indicadas, as fixações em ponto único trazem benefícios como menores custos, menor morbidade, melhora da estética facial e redução do risco de ocorrer lesões sensoriais e o incômodo quando são utilizadas as miniplacas e parafusos.

Aim: To report a case of single-point zygoma fixation. Case report: A 58-year-old male, healthy, brown patient was referred to the Municipal Emergency Room in the city of Osasco / SP, reporting that he had been assaulted, suffering facial trauma. At the specific physical examination, there was loss of right zygomatic projection, palpable step in the zygomatic frontal suture, minimal step in the infraorbital border and normal ocular movement, without loss of sensitivity in the infra-orbital portion. The patient was informed of the diagnosis and the need for surgical treatment. After laboratory tests and consent, the patient was submitted to a procedure consisting of: supratarsal access, fracture exposure, reduction, check of the projection and fixation using mini-plate 2.0 mm. A new check of the zygoma position was performed, where the resolution of the step in the infraorbital margin was verified. Postoperative control revealed a normal oral opening and restoration of the zygomatic projection. Conclusion: When correctly indicated, single-point fixations bring benefits such as lower costs, lower morbidity, improved facial aesthetics and reduced risk of sensory lesions, and discomfort when using miniplates and screws.

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Surgical treatment of panfacial fractures usually requires intraoperative temporary occlusion of the teeth and simultaneous access to the nasal pyramid. In such cases, the standard method of airway management is to perform a tracheostomy, but this may be associated with a significant number of perioperative and late complications. This study aimed to determine if submental endotracheal intubation (SEI) is a viable alternative to tracheostomy, especially when short-term postoperative control of the airway is foreseen. This was an observational retrospective study, carried out between 2012 and 2014, which involved 32 consecutive patients who sustained panfacial fractures and were surgically treated during a 3-year period in a level I trauma center hospital. Only those who required SEI were included in the sample. Four cases were excluded because of incomplete registries, follow-up period less than 4 months after hospital discharge, or other unrelated complications. The medical charts of all patients involved in the sample were carefully reviewed in order to qualify and quantify perioperative and postoperative complications related to anesthetic management. We hypothesized that SEI would not interfere with the surgical procedures and would present less morbidity and reduced complication rates. Twenty-eight patients, 24 male and 4 female, met all the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 29.5 ± 9.05 years (range, 18-56 years). The mean duration time of surgery was 8.07 ± 4.0 hours (range, 4-16 hours). There were no perioperative complications. Postoperatively, only 1 patient (3.57%) experienced a cutaneous infection at the submental region, which was easily treated. Additionally, only 1 case (3.57%) of hypertrophic scar was reported. SEI appears to be a safe, simple, and effective technique of immediate perioperative airway management in selected cases of panfacial fractures.

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PURPOSE: To analyze the process of repair of bone defects in diabetic rats filled with autogenous bone and covered with membranes of homogenous bone matrix or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty male rats were divided into two groups: group 1 (IC), without systemic alterations (control), received an intravenous injection of citrate buffer at 0.01 M, pH 4.5; group 2 (IID) (diabetic) received an intravenous injection of streptozotocin (Sigma-Aldrich) dissolved in 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5) at a concentration of 35 mg/kg. After glycemic control was achieved, the rats were subdivided into three groups: SM (surgical cavity of the left tibia filled with autogenous bone graft, not covered by membrane); MH (surgical cavity filled with autogenous bone graft and covered with homogenous membrane); and MX (surgical cavity filled with autogenous bone graft and covered with synthetic ePTFE membrane). At 10 and 60 days, the defects in the tibiae were analyzed histologically and histometrically. RESULTS: At 10 days, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups. However, the bone tissue of the diabetic group was qualitatively worse than that of the control group. At 60 days, a delay was found in the bone-repair process in wounds covered by the membranes regardless of the systemic state, but the quality of the newly formed bone in the wounds covered by the membranes was better in both groups. At 60 days, the diabetic group treated with homogenous membrane experienced less bone formation when compared with the nondiabetic group, and this difference was statistically significant. Such differences were even greater between the groups treated without the membrane (P < .01). CONCLUSION: The homogenous membrane exhibited excellent biocompatibility and was incorporated into the newly formed bone in later periods, both in diabetic and nondiabetic rats.

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The aim of this study was to identify the shape and route of the bony canal of the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) and posterior superior alveolar nerve (PSAN) using different identification methods, including computed tomography (CT), panoramic radiograph, and macroscopic evaluation (corpse and dry skull). Twenty-four patients were analyzed by CT and panoramic and posterior anterior (PA) radiographs; additionally, 90 dry skulls and 21 dissected anatomical specimens were examined. Three-dimensional-CT revealed that the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus resembled a tunnel format in 60% of the treated patients. Out of all 24 patients, the panoramic radiograph identified the bony canal in only one patient; whereas the PA radiograph identified it in 80% of the patients. The dry skulls showed tunnellike routes of the PSAA and PSAN in 65% of the cases. Moreover, the pathway was also visibly observed in the dissected anatomical specimens as a straight shape in 85% of the cases. Thus, our results demonstrated that the most common shape of the bony canal of the PSAA and PSAN is the tunnel format with a straight route by 3D-CT, posterior anterior radiography, and macroscopic evaluation. However, in the panoramic radiographs, it was difficult to identify this canal.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of cleft type and supernumerary tooth eruption on the treatment of palatal clefts with alveolar bone grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this article, medical records of 40 patients with palatal clefts and associated supernumerary teeth who were treated with alveolar bone grafting in the Hospital for Craniofacial Anomalies Rehabilitation were assessed. The patients were studied to assess the influence of supernumerary teeth and the cleft severity on the prognosis of the alveolar bone graft. RESULTS: Forty medical records were included in the assessment. When the teeth in the cleft had an anatomic shape close to canine, we called them precanine. When they were very small or malformed, we called them anomalous lateral incisors. The teeth studied showed good prognoses and were more expressive in the preforaminal clefts (87.5%) than in the transforaminal ones (62.5%). Moreover, the transforaminal clefts presented a higher percentage in satisfactory and poor prognoses (37.5%). The authors found that supernumerary teeth influenced the maintenance of alveolar bone graft height and that transforaminal clefts presented a worse prognosis than preforaminal clefts.

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Osteochondroma is a hamartomatous proliferation of cartilaginous tissue, which is the most common benign tumor of the long bones, but is relatively rare in the maxillofacial region. Most cases of mandibular condylar osteochondroma manifest with facial asymmetry or malocclusion with limited temporomandibular joint movements. Several approaches for management of this lesion have been proposed, as conservative condylectomy technique. This procedure has been suggested a valid approach to minimize facial asymmetry, contributing to the recovery of occlusion associated with no local tumor recurrence, and without condylar reconstruction procedure. Therefore, this article aims to describe a clinical report of a true osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle in a 35-year-old patient who was successfully treated using conservative condylectomy procedure.

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INTRODUCTION: The Le Fort I osteotomy is indicated to reposition the maxilla in the surgical correction of dentofacial deformities. Although it is a known surgical step, like any surgical procedure, it can have complications and difficulties; among these, the initial mobility of the jaw is very common after completing all corticotomies. METHODS: The authors present a technique in which the bite fork is used as an auxiliary tool in maxilla downfracture, especially in cases of maxillary impaction where vertical space is created on the walls of the corticotomy. FINDINGS: As the bite fork acts as a scraper with a long leverage arm, an advantage would be the better distribution of forces along the corticotomy, minimizing the risk of bad fracture and facilitating maxillary downfracture movement.

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This study evaluated the results of curettage followed by cryosurgery using a combination of propane, butane, and isobutane gas for several benign but locally aggressive bone tumours on the mandible. Twenty-nine patients (16 men and 13 women) participated in the study. Patient ages ranged from 6 to 87 years (mean, 23.72 years). Before enucleation and cryosurgery, some patients received prior treatment consisting of marsupialisation to decrease tumour size. Twenty-seven of the 29 patients (93.10%) showed no evidence of clinical or radiographic recurrence after treatment through enucleation and cryosurgery. Wound dehiscence, which was observed in all cases, healed by second intention. The average follow-up period was 70.55 months (range, 53-120 months). These results suggest that enucleation followed by cryosurgery is an effective therapy for managing locally aggressive mandible tumours. In addition, this treatment is a less expensive intervention than more radical procedures.

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Panfacial fractures usually refer to simultaneous facial fractures, which affect the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the face. The management of panfacial fracture is complex because of the lack of reliable landmarks. Literature has shown many approaches for management of panfacial fractures. Every segment of bone has a precise function in the repair. Therefore, the "bottom-up and outside-in" sequence is the most widely used approach in the management of panfacial fractures. These facial fractures present remarkable challenges for both experienced and inexperienced surgeons. This article aimed to report a case of a panfacial fracture (mandibular condylar and symphysis fractures associated with an atypical Le Fort III fracture) in a 48-year-old man. The patient was successfully treated using bottom-up and outside-in sequence by accessing all facial injuries. Postoperatively, radiograph examination revealed good reduction and fixation of titanium plates, and physical examination revealed good functional and esthetic outcomes.

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In maxillary Le Fort I type osteotomy the detachment of the nasal mucosa should be done carefully. Piezoelectric surgery contributed much to increase the safety of osteotomies, despite the initial advantage of minimizing the risk of injury in nervous tissue, mainly in bilateral sagittal split osteotomy; we use the piezoelectric device for the initial detachment of the nasal mucosa in the maxillary osteotomy.

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PURPOSE: The present case describes an inferior alveolar nerve lateralization for implant placement that caused mandible fracture a few days after surgery. CLINICAL REPORT: In this case, a 56-year-old female patient who had a severely atrophied jaw and showing bone height less than 7 mm from the bone crest and the mandibular canal was submitted to surgery lateralization of the inferior alveolar conducted with piezzo. Even with all postoperative care, the patient suffered an incomplete fracture of the mandible a few days after lateralization of the inferior alveolar nerve for implant placement. The patient was treated with soft diet and medications for pain and antibiotics, besides removing the implant associated with the fracture. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that this procedure may be conducted in 2 operative periods: firstly, the lateralization of the inferior alveolar; and secondly, after a period of 3 months, the implant placement in a situation of more bone stability.

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Inappropriate treatments of frontal sinus fractures may lead to serious complications, such as mucopyocele, meningitis, and brain abscess. Assessment of nasofrontal duct injury is crucial, and nasofrontal duct injury requires sinus obliteration, which is often accomplished by autogenous grafts such as fat, muscle, or bone. These avascular grafts have an increased risk of resorption and infection and donor site morbidity. For these reasons, pericranial flap, which is vascular, should be used for frontal sinus obliteration. The pericranial flap presented with less morbidity procedure and has decreased infection rates, which justifies its use in frontal sinus obliteration. This study aimed to report a case of a comminuted frontal sinus fracture with a brief literature review, regarding the use of pericranial flap. The authors report a case of a 23-year-old male subject with a severely comminuted fracture of the anterior and posterior walls of the frontal sinus. The patient was successfully treated by cranialization with frontal sinus duct obliteration, using anterior pericranial flap. The patient was followed up for 16 months with no postoperative complication, such as infection. Pericranial flap is a good resource for frontal sinus duct obliteration because it is a durable and well-vascularized flap, which determines low rates of postoperative complications.

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Ultrasonography (US) is the diagnostic tool of choice for evaluating soft tissue lesions in the head and neck region. It is an economic, noninvasive, easily performed exam and provides real-time images, without the exposure to ionizing radiation, and contrast media is not required. It is usually believed that bone tissue constitutes an obstacle for its utilization, due to the reflection of sonographic waves. A case of mandibular intraosseous cystic pathology is reported, with utilization of US for evaluating the content of the lesion and planning the surgical procedure.

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BACKGROUND: Surgical approaches to temporomandibular region have been the subject of numerous controversies in the literature. Pre-auricular approaches have been used with the observance of high success rate, and during surgery history, various modifications of this approach were conducted in order to reduce irreversible sequelae. Thus, given the relevance of the study, this article proposes to alert the professionals that carry out these surgical approaches in relation to the anatomical structures involved and to describe and emphasise the benefits of endaural approach. CASE REPORT: A Caucasian male patient, victim of a firearm injury, sustained a wound on the right pre-auricular region, and at the time of assessment, he complained of pain, mouth opening difficulty and dysphagia. On physical examination, there was oedema and ecchymosis in the right periorbital region. In the radiological examination, a foreign body compatible with a firearm projectile was observed in the right pre-auricular region, being in accordance with the information collected. The endaural incision and divulsion by plans was then made until the projectile. DISCUSSION: For proper exposure of the region, several studies were designed to evaluate the patterns of branching and anastomosis of the facial nerve. As for the best cosmetic result with the different pre-auricular approaches, the endaural approach was described as an approach that offers great cosmetic results because the incision design guides the surgeon in the wound closure and causes a decrease in the tension of flap, unlike that observed by some authors.

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