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This study aims to quantitatively analyze nervonic (C24:1 n-9) and erucic (C22:1 n-9) acids in human milk (HM) collected from Korean mothers, along with the infant formulas (IFs) with different fat sources and nutritional stages. The content of nervonic and erucic acids in HM from Korean mothers were 2.13 and 2.81 mg/100 g, accounting for 0.06 and 0.08% of the total fatty acids (FAs), respectively. These acids in IFs based on fat from plant-oil formula were higher than those in IFs based on cow milk formula. The composition of erucic acid in IFs based on cow milk formula and plant-oil formula increased with the nutritional stages, while nervonic acid only increased in IFs based on the plant-oil formula.

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The O/W emulsions were prepared using perilla seed oil (PSO) dispersed in soy sauce (PSE) and in distilled water (PWE), respectively. Octenyl succinic anhydride-modified starch (OSA starch, 3 wt%) showed the most efficient emulsifying ability and its stabilities of emulsion and oxidation in PSE and PWE were studied at different storage periods (0, 4, and 8 weeks) and temperatures (4, 25, and 40 °C). Negligible change in droplet diameter of PSE was observed without coalescence or flocculation during storing for 8 weeks at 4 °C. The stabilizing ability of OSA-starch despite the high ionic strength of soy sauce is attributed to the starch backbone, which promotes steric repulsions between droplets. A lower oxidation degree was observed for PSE prepared than PWE and PSO under all storage conditions. Thus, the O/W emulsion prepared from PSO and soy sauce can be applied to the production of ω-3 fatty acid-enriched Asian-style emulsified products.

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Buah Merah oil (BMO) is unrefined edible oil containing a high level of free fatty acids (FFA; ∼30% w/w). This study was aimed at preparing deacidified BMO from BMO via lipase-catalyzed esterification of FFA in BMO with added glycerol, using Duolite A568-immobilized Eversa Transform 2.0 (Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase) as biocatalyst. BMO containing 2.4% w/w FFA and 94.6% w/w triacylglycerol was obtained under optimal reaction conditions (temperature, 70°C; FFA-to-glycerol molar ratio, 3:1; enzyme loading based on the protein quantity, 3.75 mg/g BMO, and reaction time, 48 h). No significant difference was found in the contents of ß-carotene, tocopherols, and phytosterols between raw and deacidified BMO. The induction period of oxidation was significantly longer in deacidified BMO (16.37 h) than in raw BMO (0.03 h). These results suggest that deacidified BMO could be enzymatically prepared without the loss of health-beneficial minor components while enhancing the oxidative stability. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Although BMO has recently received much attention for its potential biological activities, the commercial use of BMO as a healthy oil has been limited due to its high FFA content. Unlike conventional alkali and steam refining, enzymatic deacidification of BMO employed in this study might help the commercialization of BMO, because this procedure enables the improvement of oil yield and the retaining of health-beneficial minor components.

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Mycotoxins (ochratoxin A (20 ppb), aflatoxin B1 (40 ppb), deoxynivalenol (4 ppm), and zearalenone (800 ppb)) were intentionally added to rice bran raw materials. After fermentation, their contents were determined in the distillate and distillery stillage obtained using single-stage and continuous pilot plant-scale columns. After single-stage distillation, aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone were not detected in the distillate, indicating that even if a certain amount (four times the maximum residue limit (MRL)) was present in the raw material, it would not remain in the distillate after fermentation and distillation. Most mycotoxins remained in the distillery stillage, and their residual rates ranged from 54.0-96.2%. For ochratoxin A, 0.19 ppb was found in the distillate and this migration occurred in three consecutive distillations (0.11-0.22 ppb). Ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1 were not detected in the distillate (alcohol content 93.9% and 95.4%, respectively) obtained from the contaminated fermented liquid (approximately three times the MRL based on the raw material) using the pilot-plant scale continuous distillation column. Therefore, the migration of mycotoxins is difficult when the distilled spirit is produced using a continuous distillation column, even if the raw material is contaminated with certain amounts of the investigated mycotoxins.

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Herein, we present a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the compositions of plasmalogens and phospholipids (PLs) in dried big head shrimp (Solenocera melantho), opossum shrimp (Neomysis awatschensis), mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), and sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). We also analyze the fatty acid composition of the extracted lipids, phosphatidyl choline (PtdCho), and plasmalogen choline (PlsCho) from each sample. In big head shrimp, opossum shrimp, and mussel, phosphatidyl choline (PtdCho) was the most abundant PL at 1677.9, 1603, and 1661.6 mg/100 g of dried sample, respectively, whereas the most abundant PL in sea cucumber was PlsCho (206.9 mg/100 g of dried sample). In all four samples, plasmalogen ethanolamine (PlsEtn) was higher than phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PtdEtn). The content (mg/100 g of dried sample) of PlsCho was highest in mussel (379.0), and it was higher in big head shrimp (262.3) and opossum shrimp (245.6) than sea cucumber (206.9). The contents (mg/100 g of dried sample) of PlsEtn were in the order of mussel (675.4) > big head shrimp (629.5) > opossum shrimp (217.9) > sea cucumber (51.5). For analyzing the fatty acids at the sn-2 position of PlsCho, the consecutive treatment with phospholipase A1, solid phase extraction, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and GC-FID were applied. The most abundant fatty acid was eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5, n-3) in big head shrimp and sea cucumber, palmitoleic acid (C16:1, n-7) in opossum shrimp, and docosadienoic acid (C22:2, n-6) in mussel.

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OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify a relation between the level of silica exposure and the associated increase in the risk of radiologic usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern. METHODS: We selected data of 796 individuals with pneumoconiosis who had undergone a chest computed tomography (CT). We estimated the silica exposure by comparing their occupational history with the data silica dust exposure. RESULTS: Individuals employed as stonemasons demonstrated a 2.30-fold increase in the risk of developing UIP than coal mine workers (odds ratio [OR], 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 5.07). The high silica exposure group was associated with a 2.23-fold increase in the risk of developing UIP than the low silica exposure group (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.07 to 4.69). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that silica exposure is associated with an increased risk of developing UIP pattern, highlighting a dose-response relationship.

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We developed an alternative whipping cream fat using shea butter but with low saturation. Enriched stearic-oleic-stearic (SOS) solid fat was obtained from shea butter via solvent fractionation. Acyl migration reactant, which mainly contains asymmetric SSO triacylglycerol (TAG), was prepared through enzymatic acyl migration to obtain the creaming quality derived from the ß'-crystal form. Through enzymatic acyl migration, we obtained a 3.4-fold higher content of saturated-saturated-unsaturated (SSU) TAG than saturated-unsaturated-saturated (SUS) TAG. The acyl migration reactant was refined to obtain refined acyl migration reactant (RAMR). An alternative fat product was prepared by blending RAMR and hydrogenated palm kernel oil (HPKO) at a ratio of 4:6 (w/w). The melting points, solid fat index (SFI), and melting curves of the alternative products were similar to those of commercial whipping cream fat. The alternative fat had a content of total unsaturated fatty acids 20% higher than that of HPKO. The atherogenic index (AI) of alternative fat was 3.61, much lower than those of whipping cream fat (14.59) and HPKO (1220.3), because of its low atherogenic fatty acid content and high total unsaturated fatty acids. The polymorphic crystal form determined by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy showed that the ß'-crystal form was predominant. Therefore, the alternative fat is comparable with whipping cream that requires creaming quality, and has a reduced saturated fat content.

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Studies have reported that cholesterol, a molecule found mainly in animals, is also present in some plants and algae. This study aimed to determine whether cholesterol exists in three dehydrated algae species, namely, Pyropia tenera, Saccharina japonica, and Undaria pinnatifida, and in one plant species, namely, Perilla frutescens (four perilla seed oil samples were analyzed). These species were chosen for investigation because they are common ingredients in East Asian cuisine. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) analysis found that cholesterol was present in P. tenera (14.6 mg/100 g) and in all four perilla seed oil samples (0.3-0.5 mg/100 g). High-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD) also demonstrated that cholesterol was present in P. tenera (14.2 mg/100 g) and allowed the separation of cholesterol from its isomer lathosterol. However, cholesterol could not be detected by HPLC-ELSD in the perilla seed oil samples, most likely because it is only present in trace amounts. Moreover, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmed the presence of cholesterol in both P. tenera and perilla seed oil. MRM results further suggested that lathosterol (a precursor of cholesterol) was present in P. tenera.

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Despite the increase in the number of cases among South Korean sanitation workers, lung cancer as a result of exposure to occupational carcinogen has not been sufficiently investigated. This study aimed to identify exposure levels of sanitation workers to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) for various tasks and factors that affect individual RCS exposure. Exposure to RCS was assessed for 90 sanitation workers from seven companies. The obtained geometric mean value of the RCS was 2.6 µg m-3, which is a similar level to recommendations set by California's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment's Recommended Exposure Limit. Meanwhile, coal briquette ash (CBA) collectors exhibited the highest RCS concentration (24 µg m-3), followed by road cleaning workers who used a blower, municipal household waste collectors, sweepers, and drivers (p < 0.05). Additionally, when the ANOVA was conducted, statistically significant differences were observed in RCS concentrations among various factors such as job task, season, employment type and city scale. Our study confirmed that sanitation workers who work outdoors could be exposed to RCS. Due to the possibility of exposure to high RCS concentrations, special attention should be paid to the collection of used CBA and road cleaning involving the use of a blower.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to provide baseline data for the assessment of exposure to indium and to prevent adverse health effects among workers engaged in the electronics and related industries in Republic of Korea. METHODS: Total (n = 369) and respirable (n = 384) indium concentrations were monitored using personal air sampling in workers at the following 19 workplaces: six sputtering target manufacturing companies, four manufacturing companies of panel displays, two companies engaged in cleaning of sputtering components, two companies dedicated to the cleaning of sputtering target, and five indium recycling companies. RESULTS: The level of exposure to total indium ranged from 0.9 to 609.3 µg/m3 for the sputtering target companies; from 0.2 to 2,782.0 µg/m3 for the panel display companies and from 0.5 to 2,089.9 µg/m3 for the indium recycling companies. The level of exposure to respirable indium was in the range of 0.02 to 448.6 µg/m3 for the sputtering target companies; 0.01 to 419.5 µg/m3 for the panel display companies; and 0.5 to 436.3 µg/m3 for the indium recycling companies. The indium recycling companies had the most samples exceeding the exposure standard for indium, followed by sputtering target companies and panel display companies. CONCLUSIONS: The main finding from this exposure assessment is that many workers who handle indium compounds in the electronics industry are exposed to indium levels that exceed the exposure standards for indium. Hence, it is necessary to continuously monitor the indium exposure of this workforce and take measures to reduce its exposure levels.

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When cassava is used for the production of distilled spirits through fermentation and distillation, toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is released from linamarin and carcinogenic ethyl carbamate is produced. Herein, cyanide and ethyl carbamate contents were monitored during the fermentation and lab-scale continuous distillation processes. Thereafter, mass balance and the influence of copper chips were evaluated. Results showed that 81.5% of cyanide was removed after fermentation. Use of copper chips completely prevented the migration of cyanide into the distilled spirits, while 88.3% of cyanide migrated from the fermented liquid in the absence of copper chips. Formation of ethyl carbamate was significantly promoted during distillation. Most of the produced ethyl carbamate (73.2%) was transferred into the distilled spirits in the absence of copper chips, only 9.6% of the ethyl carbamate was transferred when copper chips were used. Thus, copper chips effectively prevented the migration of cyanide and ethyl carbamate into the distilled spirts during continuous distillation.

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According to recent research, indium nanoparticles (NPs) are more toxic than micro-sized particles. While cases of indium lung disease have been reported worldwide, very little research has been conducted on the occupational exposure to indium NPs. Recently, an indium-related lung disease was reported in Korea, a global powerhouse for display manufacturing. In this study, we conducted an assessment ofoccupational exposure at an indium tin oxide (ITO) powder manufacturing plant, where the first case of indium lung disease in Korea occurred. Airborne dustwas obtained from a worker's breathing zone, and area sampling in the workplace environment was conducted using real-time monitoring devices. Personal samples were analyzed for the indium concentrations in total dust, respirable dust fraction, and NPs using personal NPs respiratory deposition samplers. The total indium concentration of the personal samples was lower than the threshold limit value recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH TLV), which was set as occupational exposure limit (OEL). However, the respirable indium concentration exceeded the recently set ACGIH TLV for the respirable fraction of indium dust. The concentration of indium NPs ranged between 0.003 and 0.010 × 10-2 mg/m3, accounting for only 0.4% of the total and 2.7% of the respirable indium particles. This was attributed to the aggregating of NPs at the µm sub-level. Given the extremely low fraction of indium NPs in the total and respirable dust, the current OEL values, set as the total and respirable indium concentrations, do not holistically represent the occupational exposure to indium NPs or prevent health hazards. Therefore, it is necessary to set separate OEL values for indium NPs. This study covers only the process of handling ITO powder. Therefore, follow-up studies need to be conducted on other ITO sputtering target polishing and milling processes, which typically generate more airborne NPs, to further investigate the effects of indium on workers and facilitate the necessary implementation of indium-reducing technologies.

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Fat globule size and phospholipid (PL) content in human milk (HM) were investigated. HM was classified into three groups depending on fat content (A < B < C). PL content (mg/100 g HM) was significantly higher in the C group (p < 0.05), indicating its positive relationship with HM fat content. When the PL content was normalized (mg/g fat), that of group A was significantly higher (p < 0.05) and fat droplet size in group C was slightly larger, suggesting that HM fat content is affected by fat droplet numbers to a larger extent than by fat droplet size. A correlation between PC and SM content in HM was observed regardless of fat content, while correlation between PE and either PC or SM increased in the order of C > B > A, hence the composition and content of PL species in HM varied according to its fat content.

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Background: Workers performing signal work for a heavy-duty shipyard transporter are exposed to diesel engine exhaust (DEE), which is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Here, we evaluate DEE exposure levels for workers engaged in shipyard transporter signal work through measurement of respirable elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and total carbon (TC), and identify the factors affecting exposure. Methods: Sixty signal workers were selected, and measured samples were analyzed by thermo-optical transmittance. Results: The mean EC exposure level of a transporter signal worker was 4.16 µg/m3, with a range of 0.69 to 47.81 µg/m3. EC, OC, and TC exposure levels did not show statistically significant differences for individual variables except the measurement date. This was influenced by meteorological factors such as wind speed, and it was confirmed that the work position, number carried, and load capacity in the multiple regression analysis after minimizing the meteorological effects were factors influencing the EC exposure level of the signalman. Conclusions: Meteorological conditions influenced DEE exposure of transporter signal workers who work outdoors. The mean EC exposure level was not high, but exposures to high concentrations of EC were recorded by meteorological factors.

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In this study, a headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) method was carried out to determine the contents of acetaldehyde, methanol and fusel oils in distilled liquors and sakès from different countries. A DB-Wax column was adopted in HS-GC, which showed good linearity, high precision and accuracy and low LOQ and LOD on all the compounds. Results showed that distilled liquors contained higher levels of acetaldehyde with the values of 12.88-35.53 mg/L than sakès (0.83-29.13 mg/L). Methanol was only detected in a few distilled liquors with small amounts. Amyl alcohols, including isoamyl alcohol (2-methyl-1-butanol) and active amyl alcohol (3-methyl-1-butanol), isobutanol (2-methyl-1-propanol) and 1-propanol were the main fusel oils among the distilled liquors and sakès analyzed. Amyl alcohols contents were 2 to 4 times higher in Korean distilled liquors (203.01-428.66 mg/L) than that in Chinese distilled liquors (28.52-42.77 mg/L) and all the sakès (61.90-166.59 mg/L).

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In this study, the antioxidative capacity of caffeic acid (CA), ascorbyl palmitate (AP), α-tocopherol (α-TO), and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) was evaluated under the thermal oxidation model, in which 200 ppm of each compound was added to soybean oil, followed by thermal oxidation at 180°C for 32 h. Change of viscosity, acid value (AV), conjugated dienoic acid value (CDAV), p-anisidine value (p-AV), total polar materials (TPM), and the ratio of C18:2 to C16:0 (LA/PA) were evaluated during the reaction. All antioxidants showed significantly lower viscosity, TPM, and p-AV, and higher LA/PA, than the control (without antioxidant, CON), indicating that thermal oxidation was delayed. Among them, CAPE showed significantly lower viscosity, TPM, and p-AV, and higher LA/PA, than the other antioxidants (p < 0.05). In the correlation between the oxidation parameters measured from CON and CAPE, the correlation coefficient between p-AV and viscosity was rather low at r = 0.7603 (in CON) and r = 0.7338 (in CAPE), respectively.

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Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain tumour and treatment is very challenging. Despite the recent advances in drug delivery systems, various approaches that allow sufficient deposition of anti-cancer drugs within the brain remain unsuccessful due to limited drug delivery throughout the brain. In this study, we utilised an intranasal (IN) approach to allow delivery of anti-cancer drug, encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles (NPs). PLGA NPs were modified with the RGD ligand to enable Avß3 expressing tumour-specific delivery. IN delivery of RGD-conjugated-doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded-PLGA-nanoparticles (RGD-DOX-NP) showed cancer-specific delivery of NP and inhibition of brain tumour growth compared to the free-DOX or non-modified DOX-NP in the C6-implanted GBM model. Further, IN treatment with RGD-DOX-NP induces apoptosis in the tumour region without affecting normal brain cells. Our study provides therapeutic evidence to treat GBM using a non-invasive IN approach, which may further be translated to other brain-associated diseases.

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An effective evaluation model was established to digitize the quality of cocoa butter equivalents (CBEs) based on determinations of total and sn-2 fatty acid compositions and triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles and the "deducting score" principle. Similarity scores for selected fats and oils calculated from the model revealed differences between them and parallel cocoa butter compositions. For CBE1 and CBE2, total similarity scores were 90.6 and 90.0, whereas those of mango (76.3), dhupa (84.1), sal fat (84.7), kokum (78.3), palm mid fractions (PMF, 77.9), shea butter (64.0), illipe butter (89.7) and Pentadesma butyracea butter (67.2), respectively. Similarity scores were found to agree with physical properties, including polymorphism, crystal morphology, crystallization or melting behaviors, and solid fat content. The present study provides an accurate means of assessing CBE quality and hopefully will contribute to the development of commercial CBEs.

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Thirty-four samples of human milk (HM) collected from mothers in Korea were classified into three groups according to their fat content. The lutein + zeaxanthin, ß-cryptoxanthin, ß-carotene, lycopene, α-carotene, and fatty acids (FAs) present in the HM were quantitatively analyzed. Lutein + zeaxanthin and ß-cryptoxanthin were the most abundant carotenoid components in this study, followed by ß-carotene. When the classified groups were compared in terms of the content of each carotenoid, there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05), indicating that there is no correlation between the content of fat and carotenoid in HM. The mean content of saturated FAs (SFAs), monounsaturated FAs, and polyunsaturated FAs in the analyzed HM were 1.46, 1.36, and 0.83 g/100 g, respectively. In addition, the mean content of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 0.02 and 0.029 g/100 g, respectively. Alternatively, all FAs except for certain SFAs (i.e., C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, and C14:0) did not show statistical difference in composition among the three groups (p > 0.05), indicating that the differences in the fat content of HM have limited influence on the FA composition of HM.

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Herein, contaminants remaining in distillate and distillers' stillage were quantitatively measured after distillation. After rice bran powder was contaminated with 10 ppm of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) or 0.02-1.27 ppm of five pesticides (terbufos, fenthion, iprobenfos, flutolanil, and ethoprophos) followed by fermentation, single-stage distillation was performed. In the obtained distillate, no Pb or Cd was found, as expected. However, when the pesticides were added as contaminants, trace-0.05 ppm of some pesticides were detected in the distillate, possibly due to the high vapor pressure (e.g., that of ethoprophos) and contamination amount (e.g., that of flutolanil, terbufos, and fenthion). In contrast, none of the contaminating pesticides were observed in the distilled spirits when a fermented liquefaction contaminated with 0.04-4 ppm of six pesticides (fenthion, terbufos, ethoprophos, iprobenfos, oxadiazon, and flutolanil) was distilled using a pilot-plant scale distillation column, indicating that the pesticides hardly migrate to the distilled spirits.

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