RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of vermilion height on the assessment of lip attractiveness by Japanese and Korean orthodontists and orthodontic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Vermilion heights were modified by increasing or decreasing the vermilion height in 1.0-mm increments from -3.0 mm to 3.0 mm with reference to an average vermilion height. Participants ranged from 15 to 29 years of age and comprised 29 Japanese and 25 Korean orthodontists and 96 Japanese and 72 Korean orthodontic patients. They all rated the attractiveness of seven images with altered vermilion height using a visual analog scale. RESULTS: Across the participant groups, there were significant differences in the median esthetic scores for the seven vermilion height levels tested. The Japanese and Korean raters assigned the highest scores to the average vermilion height and assigned the lowest scores to the +3-mm increased vermilion height. The ranges of vermilion height preferred by orthodontists were found to be within the ranges preferred by orthodontic patients when evaluating the preferences in lip esthetics by country. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the -1-mm to +1-mm range for the average vermilion height is considered attractive for lips for both Japanese and Korean people.
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Actitud Frente a la Salud , Estética , Labio/anatomía & histología , Ortodoncia Correctiva , Ortodoncia , Adolescente , Adulto , Actitud del Personal de Salud , Femenino , Humanos , Japón , Masculino , Fotograbar/métodos , República de Corea , Escala Visual Analógica , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The perception of a pleasing smile may differ between the countries in Asia or may be converging on a more internationally pleasing one. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of vertical positions of anterior teeth on smile esthetics as assessed by Japanese and Korean orthodontists as well as by orthodontic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A standard composite smile was constructed from different females' intraoral and extraoral photographs. Vertical positions of anterior teeth were modified digitally in 1-mm increments, from 5 mm upper lip coverage of the incisors to 5 mm gingival exposure. Using a visual analog scale, 41 Japanese orthodontists and 96 Japanese orthodontic patients, 25 Korean orthodontists, and 72 Korean orthodontic patients rated the attractiveness of 11 smiles with altered gingival displays. RESULTS: Overall, the Japanese and Korean raters assigned similar esthetic scores between the corresponding groups. The male orthodontic patients assigned higher scores to the smiles with upper lip coverage of the teeth than the corresponding females did in both countries. The female patients assigned clinically significant higher scores to the smiles from 2 mm upper lip coverage of the teeth to 0 mm gingival exposure in both countries. CONCLUSIONS: In both countries, the orthodontists and the female patients shared the similar preference in the smile evaluation of vertical positions of anterior teeth, whereas the male orthodontic patients were more tolerant of upper lip coverage of the anterior teeth than the orthodontists and the female patients. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study proposes 0 mm to 2 mm of upper lip coverage of the teeth as a threshold of acceptability for esthetic smile evaluations in female orthodontic patients. For male orthodontic patients, the paper proposes negative gingival display as a threshold of acceptability for esthetic smile evaluations.
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Actitud Frente a la Salud , Diente Canino/anatomía & histología , Estética Dental , Incisivo/anatomía & histología , Sonrisa , Adolescente , Adulto , Actitud del Personal de Salud , Actitud Frente a la Salud/etnología , Odontólogos/psicología , Femenino , Encía/anatomía & histología , Humanos , Japón , Labio/anatomía & histología , Masculino , Ortodoncia , Ortodoncia Correctiva/psicología , República de Corea , Factores Sexuales , Escala Visual Analógica , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the size of buccal corridors on the assessment of attractive smile esthetics by Japanese and Korean orthodontists and orthodontic patients. METHODS: Buccal corridors were modified digitally from 0% to 25% compared with the inner intercommissural width. Using a visual analog scale, 41 Japanese and 25 Korean orthodontists, and 96 Japanese and 72 Korean orthodontic patients (15-29 years old) rated the attractiveness of 6 smiles with altered buccal corridors. The influence of the size of the buccal corridor on smile esthetics was assessed. RESULTS: Although there was no significant sex difference in judging the effects of buccal corridors for the Korean and Japanese orthodontists, significant sex differences were shown for the Japanese orthodontic patients. There were significant differences in the 6 levels of median esthetic scores for all groups: 0%, 5%, and 10% buccal corridors in the smiles tended to be preferred to the other smiles, to become clinically significant for all groups. The median esthetic score decreased to become clinically significant from 10% to 15% buccal corridors for all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Japanese and Korean orthodontists and orthodontic patients prefer narrow or medium buccal corridors to broad buccal corridors.
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Actitud del Personal de Salud , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Estética Dental , Labio/anatomía & histología , Ortodoncia Correctiva/psicología , Ortodoncia , Sonrisa , Adolescente , Adulto , Mejilla/anatomía & histología , Arco Dental/anatomía & histología , Femenino , Humanos , Japón , Masculino , República de Corea , Factores Sexuales , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
We established profiles of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I mRNA in the liver, gill and white muscle and circulating IGF-I during smoltification of hatchery-reared masu salmon, and compared with that of gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase (NKA) activity. Gill NKA activity peaked in May and dropped in June. Liver igf1 mRNA was high in March and decreased to low levels thereafter. Gill igf1 increased from March, maintained its high levels during April and May and decreased in June. Muscle igf1 mRNA levels were relatively high during January and April when water temperature was low. Serum IGF-I continuously increased from March through June. Serum IGF-I during March and May showed a positive correlation with NKA activity, although both were also related to fish size. These parameters were standardized with fork length and re-analyzed. As a result, serum IGF-I and gill igf1 were correlated with NKA activity. On the other hand, samples from desmoltification period (June) that had high serum IGF-I levels and low NKA activity disrupted the relationship. Expression of two IGF-I receptor (igf1r) subtypes in the gill decreased in June, which could account for the disruption by preventing circulating IGF-I from acting on the gill and retaining it in the blood. The present study suggests that the increase in gill NKA activity in the course of smoltification of masu salmon was supported by both endocrine and local IGF-I, and the decrease during desmoltification in freshwater was due at least in part to the down-regulation of gill IGF-I receptors.
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Aclimatación/fisiología , Branquias/enzimología , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Oncorhynchus/metabolismo , Oncorhynchus/fisiología , ATPasa Intercambiadora de Sodio-Potasio/metabolismo , Animales , MasculinoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The purposes of this study were to assess and determine the range of a well-balanced anteroposterior lip position as evaluated by orthodontic patients from a series of varying lip positions in facial silhouettes, and whether the rater's sex and age were factors in the assessment. METHODS: The average profiles were constructed from 30 Japanese male and female subjects with normal occlusion. A series of 13 profiles was developed for males and females, respectively. The lips were protruded or retruded by 1-mm increments from the average profile. One hundred fifty Japanese orthodontic patients were asked to choose the top 3 most-favored, well-balanced profiles for each sex. RESULTS: The orthodontic patients tended to prefer a slightly retruded lip position than the average facial profile for both the male and female profiles. There was no significant difference between male and female raters in selecting the top 3 most-favored profiles. In the comparison of age groups, the over 30-year-old patients significantly preferred a more retruded lip position than did the 15- to 19-year-old and the 20- to 29-year-old patients for the female profile. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that, when we formulate a treatment plan, we should ask the patients about lip position before we start treatment.
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Estética Dental , Labio/anatomía & histología , Ortodoncia Correctiva , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Cefalometría , Mentón/anatomía & histología , Oclusión Dental , Femenino , Humanos , Japón , Masculino , Nariz/anatomía & histología , Valores de Referencia , Factores Sexuales , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: A consensus on the contemporary perception of beauty might have been developed between different countries because of increased worldwide access to variations in pleasing facial profiles. The objectives of this study were to determine, assess, and compare the ranges of values of the most-favored facial profiles rated by young Korean and Japanese adults. METHODS: Average profiles were constructed from the profiles of 30 Japanese men and women with normal occlusions. A series of 13 profiles each was developed for men and women. In the series, the average profile was located in the center (number 7), and the lips were protruded or retruded in 1-mm increments from the average profile. Forty-six Korean dental students and 52 Japanese dental students were asked to rate the top 3 most-favored profiles. RESULTS: Both the Korean and the Japanese dental students tended to select a slightly more retruded lip profile compared with the averages for men and women, and the tendency to prefer a more retruded lip position was evident for the women. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that young Korean and Japanese adults prefer a retruded profile, even though their profiles have historically been characterized by more convex facial features.