RESUMEN
The rumen and the jejunum of calves have distinct functional roles; the former is in the storage and fermentation of feed, and the latter is in transporting digesta to the ileum. It is unknown how nutrition changes the evolution of the microbiome of these organs after birth. We sequenced and characterized the entire microbiome of the rumen and the jejunum from Bos indicus calves of the Mexican Tropics to study their dynamics at Days 0, 7, 28, and 42 after birth. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 185 and 222 genera from 15 phylum were observed in the organs, respectively. The most abundant OTUs were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. We observed that proteobacterial species were outcompeted after the first week of life by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in the rumen and the jejunum, respectively. Moreover, Prevotella species were found to predominate in the rumen (36% of total OTUs), while the jejunum microbiome is composed of small proportions of several genera. Presumably, their high relative abundance assists in specialized functions and is more likely in fermentation since they are anaerobes. In summary, the rumen and the jejunum microbiomes were outcompeted by new microbiomes in a dynamic process that begins at birth.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias , Microbiota , Bovinos , Animales , Bacterias/genética , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Bacteroidetes , Firmicutes , Proteobacteria , Rumen/microbiología , Alimentación Animal/análisisRESUMEN
Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits to their animal host by balancing the composition of its gastrointestinal microbiota and modulating its immune response. In this work, we studied bacterial consortia isolated from the rumen of 28- and 42-day-old calves to select those showing probiotic capacity. Consortia were characterized and their growth dynamics were determined in several growth media. The number of viable bacteria was larger in the Man, Rogosa and Sharpe broth (MRS) than in nutritive medium A (MNA) and the largest was for A3D42. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial consortia in MRS was higher than in MNA and the most susceptible samples were A1D28 and A3D42. In turn, A3D42 showed the highest tolerance to bile salts in MRS and MNA. Moreover, all bacterial consortia showed optimal growth at pH 5, 5.5, 6 and 7 in both media, while their temperature tolerance was higher in MRS. The antagonistic activity of bacterial consortia in MNA was higher than in MRS with A2D42 showing the best antagonistic activity for Pseudomona aureginosa (ATCC 9027) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) in MNA. Additionally, A1D42 and A2D42 in MRS and A3D42 in MNA had significant adhesion to mucins, and A1D42 in MRS had the highest. Regarding their species composition, all bacterial consortia in MRS belonged to the phylum Firmicutes, and the class Bacilli and bacterial consortia in MNA belonged to three phyla; Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus johnsonii were identified in all bacterial consortia in MRS broth. Based on these results, A1D42 and A3D42 grown in MRS showed the best potential as probiotics for calves, which could result in health benefits and improve their production.
Asunto(s)
Lacticaseibacillus casei , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus , Probióticos , Animales , Bovinos , Rumen , Probióticos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The goal of this study was to evaluate how glucose and fructose affected the adipose differentiation of pig newborn mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Cells were grown with or without inosine in 7.5 mM glucose (substituted with 1.5 or 6 mM fructose). MSCs displayed adipose morphology after 70 days of differentiation. Fructose stimulated the highest levels of PPARγ and C/EBPß. Fructose at 6 mM, but not glucose at 7.5 mM or fructose at 1.5 mM, promotes differentiation of MSCs into adipocytes and increases 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11ß-HSD1) and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) mRNA in the absence of hepatic effects (as simulated by the inosine). Fructose and glucose increased xanthine oxide-reductase (XOR) catalytic activity almost 10-fold and elevated their products: intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) pool, extracellular H2 O2 pool by 4 orders of magnitude, and uric acid by a factor of 10. Therefore, in our experimental model, differentiation of MSCs into adipocytes occurs exclusively at the blood concentration of fructose detected after ingestion by people on a high fructose diet. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The results of this study provide new evidence for fructose's adipogenic potential in mesenchymal stem cells, a model in which its effects on XOR activity had not been studied. The increased expression of genes such as C/EBPß, PPARγ, and NOX4, as well as the increased XOR activity and high production of ROS during the differentiation process in the presence of fructose, coincides in pointing to this hexose as an important factor in the development of adipogenesis in young animals, which could have a great impact on the development of future obesity.
Asunto(s)
Glucosa , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Animales , Porcinos , Fructosa/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular , ObesidadRESUMEN
The addition of the antioxidant α-lipoic acid (ALA) to a balanced diet might be crucial for the prevention of comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity. Due to its low half-life and instability under stomach-like conditions, α-lipoic acid was encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles (Ch-NPs). The resulting chitosan nanoparticles containing 20% w/w ALA (Ch-ALA-NPs) with an average diameter of 44 nm demonstrated antioxidant activity and stability under stomach-like conditions for up to 3 h. Furthermore, fluorescent Ch-ALA-NPs were effectively internalized into 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and were able to cross the intestinal barrier, as evidenced by everted intestine in vitro experiments. Thus, chitosan-based nanoparticles seem to be an attractive administration method for antioxidants, or other sensible additives, in food.
RESUMEN
AQP7 is the primary glycerol transporter in white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissues. There are immediate and quantitatively important actions of cortisone over the expression of AQP7 in murine and human adipocytes. Short-term response (minutes) of cortisone treatment result in an mRNA overexpression in white and brown differentiated adipocytes (between 1.5 and 6 folds). Conversely, long-term response (hours or days) result in decreased mRNA expression. The effects observed on AQP7 mRNA expression upon cortisone treatment in brown and white differentiated adipocytes are concordant with those observed for GK and HSD1B11.
Asunto(s)
Tejido Adiposo , Acuaporinas , Glucocorticoides , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Acuaporinas/genética , Acuaporinas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Humanos , ARN Mensajero/metabolismoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: We evaluated the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists on the differentiation and metabolic features of bovine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells induced to adipogenic or myogenic lineages. METHODS: Cells isolated from 7-day-old calves were cultured in basal medium (BM). For adipogenic differentiation, cells were cultured for one passage in BM and then transferred to a medium supplemented with either rosiglitazone, telmisartan, sirtinol or conjugated c-9, t-11 linoleic acid; for myogenic differentiation, third-passage cells were added with either bezafibrate, telmisartan or sirtinol. The expression of PPARx03B3; (an adipogenic differentiation marker), myosin heavy chain (MyHC; a myogenic differentiation marker) and genes related to energy metabolism were measured by quantitative real-time PCR in a completely randomized design. RESULTS: For adipogenic differentiation, 20 µM telmisartan showed the highest PPARx03B3; expression (15.58 ± 0.62-fold, p < 0.0001), and differences in the expression of energy metabolism-related genes were found for hexokinase II, phosphofructokinase, adipose triglyceride lipase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase α(ACACα) and fatty acid synthase (p < 0.001), but not for ACACß (p = 0.4275). For myogenic differentiation, 200 µM bezafibrate showed the highest MyHC expression (73.98 ± 11.79-fold), and differences in the expression of all energy metabolism-related genes were found (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Adipocyte and myocyte differentiation are enhanced with telmisartan and bezafibrate, respectively, and energy uptake, storage and mobilization are improved with both.