RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Periapical inflammation is initiated by insult to the dental pulp and mediated by inflammatory cytokines in the periodontal tissue. On the other hand, the destruction of tissue can be prevented by the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine activity. The balance between these cytokines and their counterregulatory molecules has been suggested to regulate tissue destruction. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are known to suppress inflammatory cytokine signaling via the classic negative feedback loop. However, the mechanism by which they are induced by inflammatory cytokines and regulated during the development of periodontal disease remains to be clarified. We investigated the effects of inflammatory cytokines on SOCS protein expression and their signaling pathways in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. METHODS: We examined the effect of inflammatory cytokines on SOCSs expression and its signaling pathway in human PDL cells using reverse transcription- and real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot methods. Furthermore, we also examined whether these cytokines-induced SOCS-3 suppress chemokines secretion using ELISA methods. RESULTS: We found that inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6 induced expression of SOCS-3 but not that of SOCS-2 in human PDL cells. IL-1beta and IL-6 simultaneously induced IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion in PDL cells, whereas SOCS-3 overexpression suppressed secretion of these chemokines through inhibition of phosphorylation in downstream signaling. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines induced SOCS-3 expression. The SOCS-3 induction suggests playing an important role in negative feedback, suppressing serious destruction of periodontal tissue in apical periodontitis through a chemokine-dependent mechanism.
Asunto(s)
Citocinas/inmunología , Ligamento Periodontal/inmunología , Transducción de Señal/inmunología , Proteínas Supresoras de la Señalización de Citocinas/inmunología , Western Blotting , Células Cultivadas , Quimiocina CCL2/análisis , Quimiocina CCL2/inmunología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/inmunología , Interleucina-6/inmunología , Interleucina-8/análisis , Interleucina-8/inmunología , Quinasas Janus/análisis , Quinasas Janus/inmunología , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/análisis , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/inmunología , Ligamento Periodontal/citología , Fosforilación , ARN Mensajero/análisis , Receptores de Interleucina-6/análisis , Receptores de Interleucina-6/inmunología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Factores de Transcripción STAT/análisis , Factores de Transcripción STAT/inmunología , Proteína 3 Supresora de la Señalización de Citocinas , Proteínas Supresoras de la Señalización de Citocinas/análisis , Factores de Tiempo , Regulación hacia Arriba/inmunología , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/análisis , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the salivary levels of cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA) in patients with dry mouth (perceived xerostomia and hyposalivation) compared with age-matched controls. STUDY DESIGN: We studied 174 subjects, including those with dry mouth, classified into 2 subgroups based on perceived xerostomia and salivation, and those without (control subjects). The control subjects were patients at the same hospital and healthy volunteers. Cortisol and CgA levels in stimulated whole saliva were measured using ELISA kits. RESULTS: All subjects with dry mouth had significantly higher cortisol and CgA levels than the control subjects. The statistical associations remained significant when they were divided into the 2 subgroups, although somewhat weaker associations were observed. The influences of xerogenic drugs were found to be minimal on salivary flow rate and levels of cortisol and CgA. CONCLUSIONS: We found significant associations between salivary cortisol and CgA levels and symptoms of oral dryness and reduced salivary flow.
Asunto(s)
Cromogranina A/análisis , Hidrocortisona/análisis , Saliva/química , Xerostomía/metabolismo , Factores de Edad , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Saliva/metabolismo , Tasa de Secreción , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Estrés Psicológico/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The relationship between periodontitis and psychoneuroimmunologic variables, such as stress-related hormones, is poorly understood. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the associations between two kinds of stress-related hormones, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and periodontitis in healthy community-dwelling elderly subjects aged > or =60 years. METHODS: A total of 171 subjects (85 males and 86 females) participated in this study. The subjects were independently living elderly people with a mean age of 68.4 (+/- 4.46) years. Stimulated whole saliva samples were collected, and hormone levels were determined. A medical questionnaire regarding medical conditions, lifestyle, and psychosocial stress also was administered. The clinical examinations included probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing, and clinical attachment level (CAL). RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between hormone levels and PD and CAL values. When the subjects were divided into two groups based on periodontitis severity, hormone levels were significantly higher in subjects with severe PD or CAL. Multiple regression analysis showed that higher cortisol and DHEA levels were associated significantly with greater numbers of teeth with severe PD or CAL, after adjusting for confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested close relationships between the extent and severity of periodontitis and salivary levels of cortisol and DHEA in healthy elderly subjects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the association between the levels of DHEA and extensive periodontitis.