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π frameworks, defined as a type of porous supramolecular materials weaved from conjugated molecular units by π-π stacking interactions, provide a new direction in photocatalysis. However, such examples are rarely reported. Herein, we report a supramolecular-nanocage-based π framework constructed from a photoactive Cu(I) complex unit. Structurally, 24 Cu(I) complex units stack together through π-π stacking interactions, forming a truncated octahedral nanocage with sodalite topology. The inner diameter of the nanocage is 2.8 nm. By sharing four open faces, each nanocage connects with four equivalent ones, forming a 3D porous π framework (π-2). π-2 shows good thermal and chemical stability, which can adsorb CO2, iodine, and methyl orange molecules. More importantly, π-2 can serve as a photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. With ultrafine Pt subnanometer particles (0.9±0.1 nm) incorporated into the nanocages as a co-catalyst, the hydrogen evolution rate reaches a record-high value of 517551 µmol/gPt/h in the absence of any additional photosensitizers. The high photocatalytic activity can be ascribed to the ultrafine size of the Pt particles, as well as the fast electron transfer from π-2 to the highly active Pt upon illumination. π-2 represents the unique stable supramolecular-cage-based π framework with excellent photocatalytic activity.

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Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologues (RBOHs) are involved in plant growth, development, and stress adaptation. How OsRBOHs affect root hair formation and consequently nutrient acquisition and drought resistance in rice is not well understood. We knocked out six OsRBOH genes in rice that were expressed in roots and identified OsRBOHE as the only one affecting root hair formation. OsRBOHE was strongly expressed in the root epidermis, root hairs and tiller buds. OsRBOHE is localised at the plasma membrane. Knockout of OsRBOHE decreased reactive oxygen species generation in the root hairs and tiller buds, downregulated genes involved in cell wall biogenesis, and decreased root hair length and tillering by 90% and 30%, respectively. Knockout of OsRBOHE decreased phosphorus acquisition only in low available P soil under aerobic conditions, but not in high P soil or under flooded conditions when P was likely not limited by diffusion. Knockout of OsRBOHE markedly decreased drought resistance of rice plants through the effect on root hair formation and the associated rhizosheath. Taken together, OsRBOHE is crucial for root hair formation and tillering and consequently on drought resistance in rice. The contribution of root hairs to P acquisition in rice is limited to aerobic soil.

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17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) is known for its endocrine-disrupting effects on embryonic and adult fish. However, its impact on juvenile zebrafish has not been well established. In this study, juvenile zebrafish were exposed to EE2 at concentrations of 5 ng/L (low dose, L), 10 ng/L (medium dose, M), and 50 ng/L (high dose, H) from 21 days post-fertilization (dpf) to 49 dpf. We assessed their growth, development, behavior, transcriptome, and metabolome. The findings showed that the survival rate in the EE2-H group was 66.8 %, with all surviving fish displaying stunted growth and swollen, transparent abdomens by 49 dpf. Moreover, severe organ deformities were observed in the gills, kidneys, intestines, and heart of fish in both the EE2-H and EE2-M groups. Co-expression analysis of mRNA and lncRNA revealed that EE2 downregulated the transcription of key genes involved in the cell cycle, DNA replication, and Fanconi anemia signaling pathways. Additionally, metabolomic analysis indicated that EE2 influenced metabolism and development-related signaling pathways. These pathways were also significantly identified based on the genes regulated by lncRNA. Consequently, EE2 induced organ deformities and mortality in juvenile zebrafish by disrupting signaling pathways associated with development and metabolism. The results of this study offer new mechanistic insights into the adverse effects of EE2 on juvenile zebrafish based on multiomics analysis. The juvenile zebrafish are highly sensitive to EE2 exposure, which is not limited to adult and embryonic stages. It is a potential model for studying developmental toxicity.

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The key to heterogeneous photo-Fenton technology lies in the efficient generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Herein, a newly-designed ZnO/ZnIn2S4 composite with heterostructure is synthesized. Benefiting from the formation of built-in electric field, the recombination of photoinduced electrons and holes is suppressed and interfacial charge transfer resistance is reduced. Importantly, the embedding of ZnO in ZnIn2S4 can improve the hydrophobicity and create microscopic three-phase interface, thereby boosting the capture capability for O2 and providing the convenience for the occurrence of O2 reduction reaction. More interestingly, the existence of ZnIn2S4 in the ZnO/ZnIn2S4 composite can reduce the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of key intermediate (OOH*) formation, which will accelerate the generation of H2O2. As a result, the ZnO/ZnIn2S4 composite displays excellent performance in photocatalytic H2O2 production, and the highest yield was about 897.6 µmol/g/h within 60 min under visible light irradiation. The transfer of photoinduced carriers follows the S-scheme type mechanism. The photogenerated holes can be captured by drug residues (i.e., diclofenac sodium) to accelerate H2O2 production, while generated H2O2 can combine with Fe2+ to construct photo-Fenton system for achieving the advanced degradation of diclofenac sodium, which was mainly related to the formation of OH•. Furthermore, generated H2O2 can be applied for performing the inactivation of pathogenic bacteria. In short, current work will provide a valuable reference for future research.

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The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an important agricultural pest. Phoxim is an organophosphate insecticide that has been widely used to control A. ipsilon. The extensive application of phoxim has resulted in a reduction in phoxim susceptibility in A. ipsilon. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phoxim tolerance in A. ipsilon remain unclear. In this work, we report the involvement of AiGSTz1, a zeta class glutathione S-transferase, in phoxim tolerance in A. ipsilon. Exposure to a sublethal concentration (LC50) of phoxim dramatically upregulated the transcription level of the AiGSTz1 gene in A. ipsilon larvae, and this upregulation might be caused by phoxim-induced oxidative stress. The recombinant AiGSTz1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli was able to metabolize phoxim. Furthermore, AiGSTz1 displayed antioxidant activity to protect against oxidative stress. Knockdown of AiGSTz1 by RNA interference significantly increased the mortality rate of A. ipsilon larvae in response to phoxim. In addition, the transcription factor AiCncC can bind to the cap 'n' collar isoform C: muscle aponeurosis fibromatosis (CncC:Maf) binding site in the putative promoter of the AiGSTz1 gene. Silencing of AiCncC resulted in a dramatic downregulation of AiGSTz1. These results indicated that AiGSTz1 is involved in phoxim tolerance and is potentially regulated by AiCncC. These findings provide valuable insights into the defense mechanisms used by A. ipsilon against phoxim.

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Avian arthritis is a common disease in the poultry industry, and the etiology is complex. Bacterial arthritis is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection. This study explored the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of different organic acids against S. aureus MRSA85 and found that vanillic acid, suberic acid, itaconic acid, salicylic acid, and other organic acids had significant inhibitory effects on this strain, especially cinnamic acid, which exhibited the best inhibitory effect. The Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) test further revealed the synergistic effect among some compound organic acids, which can significantly enhance the antibacterial efficiency against MRSA85 while reducing the risk of bacterial resistance. Under the low concentrations (1/2 or 1/4 MIC) conditions, the MIC of the compound organic acids against S. aureus remains unchanged, and it can even enhance the sensitivity of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus to Oxacillin. Furthermore, the compound organic acids could effectively promote the recovery of S. aureus-induced arthritis in broiler models, reduce inflammatory responses, and lower down bacterial loads and inflammatory cytokine levels in joints, which indicated that the effects of the Compound 2 is comparable to that of the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group. These results support the potential and application value of organic acids and their compounds, including Compound 1 to 3, as novel antibacterial agents in the treatment of S. aureus infections.

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BACKGROUND: Currently, there are no optimal biomarkers available for distinguishing patients who will respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapies. Consequently, the exploration of novel biomarkers that can predict responsiveness to ICIs is crucial in the field of immunotherapy. METHODS: We estimated the proportions of 22 immune cell components in 10 cancer types (6,128 tumors) using the CIBERSORT algorithm, and further classified patients based on their tumor immune cell proportions in a pan-cancer setting using k-means clustering. Differentially expressed immune genes between the patient subgroups were identified, and potential predictive biomarkers for ICIs were explored. Finally, the predictive value of the identified biomarkers was verified in patients with urothelial carcinoma (UC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) who received ICIs. RESULTS: Our study identified two subgroups of patients with distinct immune infiltrating phenotypes and differing clinical outcomes. The patient subgroup with improved outcomes displayed tumors enriched with genes related to immune response regulation and pathway activation. Furthermore, CCL5 and CSF2 were identified as immune-related hub-genes and were found to be prognostic in a pan-cancer setting. Importantly, UC and ESCC patients with high expression of CCL5 and low expression of CSF2 responded better to ICIs. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated CCL5 and CSF2 as potential novel biomarkers for predicting the response to ICIs in patients with UC and ESCC. The predictive value of these biomarkers in other cancer types warrants further evaluation in future studies.

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Slice-to-volume registration and super-resolution reconstruction are commonly used to generate 3D volumes of the fetal brain from 2D stacks of slices acquired in multiple orientations. A critical initial step in this pipeline is to select one stack with the minimum motion among all input stacks as a reference for registration. An accurate and unbiased motion assessment (MA) is thus crucial for successful selection. Here, we presented an MA method that determines the minimum motion stack based on 3D low-rank approximation using CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) decomposition. Compared to the current 2D singular value decomposition (SVD) based method that requires flattening stacks into matrices to obtain ranks, in which the spatial information is lost, the CP-based method can factorize 3D stack into low-rank and sparse components in a computationally efficient manner. The difference between the original stack and its low-rank approximation was proposed as the motion indicator. Experiments on linearly and randomly simulated motion illustrated that CP demonstrated higher sensitivity in detecting small motion with a lower baseline bias, and achieved a higher assessment accuracy of 95.45% in identifying the minimum motion stack, compared to the SVD-based method with 58.18%. CP also showed superior motion assessment capabilities in real-data evaluations. Additionally, combining CP with the existing SRR-SVR pipeline significantly improved 3D volume reconstruction. The results indicated that our proposed CP showed superior performance compared to SVD-based methods with higher sensitivity to motion, assessment accuracy, and lower baseline bias, and can be used as a prior step to improve fetal brain reconstruction.

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The incidence of liver diseases is high worldwide. Many factors can cause liver fibrosis, which in turn can lead to liver cirrhosis and even liver cancer. Due to the shortage of donor organs, immunosuppression, and other factors, only a few patients are able to undergo liver transplantation. Therefore, how to construct a bioartificial liver that can be transplanted has become a global research hotspot. With the rapid development of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, researchers have tried to use various 3D bioprinting technologies to construct bioartificial livers in vitro. In terms of the choice of bioinks, liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) has many advantages over other materials for cell-laden hydrogel in 3D bioprinting. This review mainly summarizes the acquisition of liver dECM and its application in liver 3D bioprinting as a bioink with respect to availability, printability, and biocompatibility in many aspects and puts forward the current challenges and prospects.

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Reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to an inflammatory phenotype effectively increases the potential of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Artificial mitochondrial transplantation, an emerging and safe strategy, has made brilliant achievements in regulating the function of recipient cells in preclinic and clinic, but its performance in reprogramming the immunophenotype of TAMs has not been reported. Here, the metabolism of M2 TAMs is proposed resetting from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis for polarizing M1 TAMs through targeted transplantation of mannosylated mitochondria (mPEI/M1mt). Mitochondria isolated from M1 macrophages are coated with mannosylated polyethyleneimine (mPEI) through electrostatic interaction to form mPEI/M1mt, which can be targeted uptake by M2 macrophages expressed a high level of mannose receptors. Mechanistically, mPEI/M1mt accelerates phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, MAPK p38 and JNK by glycolysis-mediated elevation of intracellular ROS, thus prompting M1 macrophage polarization. In vivo, the transplantation of mPEI/M1mt excellently potentiates therapeutic effects of anti-PD-L1 by resetting an antitumor proinflammatory tumor microenvironment and stimulating CD8 and CD4 T cells dependent immune response. Altogether, this work provides a novel platform for improving cancer immunotherapy, meanwhile, broadens the scope of mitochondrial transplantation technology in clinics in the future.

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Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread protozoan parasite approximately infecting one-third of the world population and can cause serious public health problems. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of the attenuated vaccine Pru:Δcdpk2 against acute toxoplasmosis and explored the underlying immune mechanisms of the protection in pigs. The systemic T-cell and natural killer (NK) cell responses were analyzed, including kinetics, phenotype, and multifunctionality (interferon [IFN]-γ, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α), and the IFN-γ levels were analyzed in PBMCs. Our results showed that T. gondii-specific antibodies were induced by Pru:Δcdpk2. After challenging with RH, the antibodies were able to respond quickly in the immunized group, and the expression level was significantly higher than that in the unimmunized group. The expression level of IFN-γ significantly increased after vaccination, and the CD3+ γδ-, NK, and CD3+ γδ+ cell subsets also significantly increased. At the same time, functional analysis indicated that these cells were polarized toward a Th1 phenotype, showing the ability to secrete IFN-γ and TNF-α. The CD4+CD8α-T cell population exhibited a higher frequency of IFN-γ+ producing cells compared with the CD4-CD8α+ and CD4+CD8α+ cell populations during the early days of vaccination. Our results indicated that the attenuated vaccine could induce the expression of NK, γδ, and CD3αß cells in pigs, and IFN-γ and TNF-α secreted by these cells are important for resistance to T. gondii infection.

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Maternal age is one of the most important factors affecting the success of maternal pregnancy. Uterine aging is the leading cause of pregnancy failure in older women. However, how uterine aging affects uterine receptivity and decidualization is unclear. In this study, naturally aged one-year-old female mice were used to investigate effects of maternal age on embryo implantation during early pregnancy. In our study, we found abnormal uterine receptivity in aged mice. Aged mouse uterus indicates a decrease in nuclear LAMIN A, and an increase in PRELAMIN A and PROGERIN. In aged mouse uterus, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in cytoplasmic fraction is significantly increased. PROGERIN overexpression in mouse uterine epithelial cells and epithelial organoids leads to nuclear DNA leakage and impaired uterine receptivity. DNase I, DNase II, and TREX1 are obviously reduced in aged mouse uterus. Treatments with foreign DNA or STING agonist significantly downregulate uterine receptivity markers and activate cGAS-STING pathway. Uterine estrogen (E2) concentration is significantly increased in aged mice. After ovariectomized mice are treated with a high level of E2, there are significant increase of PROGERIN and cytoplasmic DNA, and activation of cGAS-STING pathway. CD14 is significantly increased in aged uterus. Intrauterine CD14 injection inhibits embryo implantation. In vitro CD14 treatment of cultured epithelial cells or epithelial organoids decreases uterine receptivity. Uterine abnormality in aged mouse can be partially rescued by STING inhibitor. In conclusion, uterine PROGERIN increase in aged mouse uterus results in cytoplasmic DNA accumulation and cGAS-STING pathway activation. CD14 secretion in aged uterus impairs uterine receptivity.

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BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma (OS) is commonly recognized as a malignant cancer originating from bone-forming mesenchymal stem cells, comprising approximately 20% of sarcomas. Baicalin, a bioactive flavonoid glycoside isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, has been demonstrated to possess potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential mechanisms through which baicalin exerts anti-osteosarcoma effects and facilitates osteogenesis in vitro. METHODS: Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), scratch assay, and transwell assay were employed to assess the effects of baicalin at varying concentrations (20, 40, and 80 µM) on U2OS cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, respectively. Western blot and qRT-PCR analyses were conducted to evaluate the influence of baicalin on the osteogenic potential of OS cells by examining osteoblast markers such as osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), as well as the osteoclast marker-receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL). Additionally, the impact of baicalin on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (N-cadherin, E-cadherin, Vimentin) and proteins related to the Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway (p-p65, p-IκBα, p65, IκBα) in OS cells was evaluated via western blot analysis. The activity and mineralization capacity of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) in baicalin-treated cells were examined through ALP staining and Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining. RESULTS: Baicalin exhibited significant suppression of OS cell U2OS invasion (p < 0.01), migration (p < 0.01), and proliferation (p < 0.05) at various concentrations. Additionally, baicalin treatment notably increased the E-cadherin protein level, while decreasing the expression levels of Vimentin and N-cadherin proteins (p < 0.01), thus promoting EMT. Following baicalin treatment, there was a marked elevation in the protein and mRNA expression levels of RUNX2, OPN, and OCN, while the expression level of RANKL protein was reduced (p < 0.05), indicating enhanced osteogenic differentiation. The groups treated with baicalin exhibited higher ALP activity and mineralization ability (p < 0.01). Moreover, baicalin treatment significantly reduced the expression levels of p-IκBα and p-p65 proteins, as well as the ratios of p-IκBα/IκBα and p-p65/p65 (p < 0.01). These effects of baicalin were concentration-dependent, with higher concentrations yielding stronger effects. CONCLUSION: In vitro, baicalin demonstrates anti-OS effects and facilitates osteogenic differentiation, potentially by inhibiting NF-κB pathway activity.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the application effect of comprehensive intervention combined with cognitive psychological care based on the quality chain in patients with BPH. METHODS: We prospectively selected 110 cases of BPH treated in our hospital from January 2022 to March 2023 and equally randomized them into groups A and B, the former given routine intervention, while the latter comprehensive intervention combined with cognitive psychological care based on the quality chain in addition. We analyzed the results of intervention, the patients' scores on Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), improvement of clinical indicators, self-efficacy, disease awareness and treatment compliance, and compared the data obtained between the two groups of patients. RESULTS: The effectiveness of intervention was significantly better in group B than in A (96.36% vs 65.45%, χ2 = 17.009, P<0.05). Compared with the baseline, the SAS and SDS scores were remarkably improved in the two groups after intervention (P<0.05), even more significantly in group B than in A (P<0.05). Group B also showed a markedly shorter duration of bladder spasm, lower frequency of bladder spasm per day, shorter urethral catheterization time and postoperative hospital stay, better emotion control and health management, more regular schedule, higher disease knowledge awareness, and better treatment compliance than group A (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Comprehensive intervention combined with cognitive psychological care based on the quality chain is significantly effective in improving BPH patients' clinical indicators, disease awareness and treatment compliance, reducing their depression and anxiety, and enhancing their self-efficacy management.

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The skin stratum corneum (SC) barrier function will interfere with the absorption of topical treatment and reduce the drug's therapeutic effect on alopecia. Microneedles (MNs) can penetrate the skin barrier and deliver drugs to the dermis. Furthermore, MNs can mechanically stimulate the skin, which promotes hair growth. Thus, we designed a green and dissolvable composite microneedle made of hyaluronic acid (HA) and Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) to encapsulate cholesterol-free ginsenoside Rg3 liposomes (Rg3-LPs) to avoid cholesterol metabolism-producing testosterone to inhibit hair regeneration and minimize the effect of the SC barrier on liposomes absorption. HA and BSP can enhance the mechanical strength of Rg3-MNs to ensure the transport of liposomes to the hair follicle (HF) region while causing minimal skin irritation and guaranteeing cell compatibility. In addition, HA increased hair density and was more conducive to hair regeneration. In telogen effluvium (TE) and testosterone-induced androgenetic alopecia (AGA) animals, Rg3-MNs achieved comparable efficacy to minoxidil with low-frequency treatment and the quality of regenerated hair was higher. Furthermore, quantitative characterization and transcriptome sequencing results showed that Rg3-MNs promoted hair regeneration by promoting the expression of Wnt3a and Wnt10b genes, activating the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway. Therefore, Rg3-MNs present broad prospects in the treatment of alopecia.

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Various dyes are used to visualize DNA bands in agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) by the methods of pre- or post-staining. The DNA dye user's guides generally state that the binding of the dye to DNA will affect DNA mobility in electrophoresis, thus recommending post-staining for accurate measurement of DNA size. However, many AGE performers prefer pre-staining procedures for reasons such as convenience, real-time observation of DNA bands, and/or the use of a minimal amount of dye. The detrimental effect of the dye on DNA mobility and the associated risk for inaccurate measurement of DNA size are often overlooked by AGE performers. Here we quantitatively determine the impact on DNA migration imposed by frequently used dyes, including GelRed, ethidium bromide (EB), and Gold View. It was observed that pre-staining with GelRed and EB significantly slowed down DNA migration to cause as much as 39.1% overestimation on the size of sample DNA, whereas Gold View had little effect. The slowdown of DNA migration increased with dye concentration until it plateaued when the dye concentration reached a saturated level. Thus, to take advantage of pre-staining, saturated levels of DNA dyes should always be applied for both DNA samples and DNA markers to ensure a fair comparison of DNA sizes. In addition, GelRed and EB display much higher sensitivity than Gold View in the detection of DNA bands in post-staining. The saturated concentrations, cost considerations, and other useful features of these frequently used dyes are summarized for the information of AGE performers.

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Parent artery atherosclerosis is an important aetiology of recent subcortical ischaemic stroke (RSIS). However, comparisons of RSIS with different degrees of parent artery atherosclerosis are lacking. METHODS: Prospectively collected data from our multicentre cohort (all were tertiary centres) of the Stroke Imaging Package Study between 2015 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients with RSIS defined as a single clinically relevant diffusion-weighted imaging positive lesion in the territory of lenticulostriate arteries were categorized into three subgroups: (1) normal middle cerebral artery (MCA) on magnetic resonance angiography and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI); (2) low-grade MCA atherosclerosis (normal or <50% stenosis on magnetic resonance angiography and with MCA plaques on HR-MRI); (3) steno-occlusive MCA atherosclerosis (stenosis ≥50% or occlusion). The primary outcome was 90-day functional dependence (modified Rankin Scale score >2). The clinical and imaging findings were compared between subgroups. RESULTS: A total of 239 patients (median age 60.0 [52.0-67.0] years, 72% male) were enrolled, including 140 with normal MCA, 64 with low-grade MCA atherosclerosis and 35 with steno-occlusive MCA atherosclerosis. Patients with steno-occlusive MCA atherosclerosis had the largest infarct volume. Low-grade MCA atherosclerosis was independently associated with cerebral microbleeding, more severe perivascular spaces in basal ganglia and higher total cerebral small vessel disease burden. Low-grade MCA atherosclerosis was an independent determinant of 90-day functional dependence (odds ratio 3.897; 95% confidence interval 1.309-11.604). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested RSIS with varying severity of parent artery atherosclerosis exhibits distinctive clinical and neuroimaging characteristics, with low-grade MCA atherosclerosis associating with higher cerebral small vessel disease burden and worse prognosis.

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BACKGROUND: It remains unclear how a single bout of exercise affects brain perfusion, oxygen metabolism, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Addressing this unresolved issue is essential to understand the acute changes in cerebral physiology induced by aerobic exercise. PURPOSE: To dynamically monitor the acute changes in cerebral physiology subsequent to a single aerobic exercise training session using noninvasive MRI measurements. STUDY TYPE: Prospective. POPULATION: Twenty-three healthy participants (18-35 years, 10 females/13 males) were enrolled and divided into 10-minute exercising (N = 10) and 20-minute exercising (N = 13) groups. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 3.0 T/Phase Contrast (PC) MRI (gradient echo), T2-Relaxation-Under-Spin-Tagging (TRUST) MRI (gradient echo EPI), Water-Extraction-with-Phase-Contrast-Arterial-Spin-Tagging (WEPCAST) MRI (gradient echo EPI) and T1-weighted magnetization-prepared-rapid-acquisition-of-gradient-echo (MPRAGE) (gradient echo). ASSESSMENT: A baseline MR measurement plus four repeated MR measurements immediately after 10 or 20 minutes moderate running exercise. MR measurements included cerebral blood flow (CBF) as measured by PC MRI, venous oxygenation (Yv) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) as assessed by TRUST MRI, water extraction fraction (E), and BBB permeability-surface-area product (PS) as determined by WEPCAST MRI. STATISTICAL TESTS: The time dependence of the physiological parameters was studied with a linear mixed-effect model. Additionally, pairwise t-tests comparison of the physiological parameters at each time point was conducted. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: There was an initial drop (8.22 ± 2.60%) followed by a recovery in CBF after exercise, while Yv revealed a significant decrease (6.37 ± 0.92%), i.e., an increased oxygen extraction, and returned to baseline at later time points. CMRO2 showed a trend of increase (5.68 ± 3.04%) and a significant interaction between time and group. In addition, E increased significantly (3.86% ± 0.89) and returned to baseline level at later time points, while PS remained elevated (13.33 ± 4.79%). DATA CONCLUSION: A single bout of moderate aerobic exercise can induce acute alterations in cerebral perfusion, metabolism, and BBB permeability. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

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Within dynamic agroecosystems, microbes can act as key intermediaries, facilitating spatiotemporal communication among plants. Future research could categorize key plant genes involved in plant-microbe interactions into microbiome-shaping genes (Ms genes) and microbiome-responsive genes (Mr genes), potentially leading to the construction of spatiotemporal molecular networks with microbes as intermediaries.

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Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a widely recognized global agricultural pest that has significantly reduced crop yields all over the world. S. frugiperda has developed resistance to various insecticides. Insect cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs or P450s) play an important role in detoxifying insecticides, leading to increased resistance in insect populations. However, the function of the specific P450 gene for lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in S. frugiperda was unclear. Herein, the expression patterns of 40 P450 genes in the susceptible and lambda-cyhalothrin-resistant populations were analyzed. Among them, CYP321A7 was found to be overexpressed in the resistant population, specifically LRS (resistance ratio = 25.38-fold) derived from a lambda-cyhalothrin-susceptible (SS) population and FLRS (a population caught from a field, resistance ratio = 63.80-fold). Elevated enzyme activity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) was observed for LRS (2.76-fold) and the FLRS (4.88-fold) as compared to SS, while no significant differences were observed in the activities of glutathione S-transferases and esterases. Furthermore, the knockdown of CYP321A7 gene by RNA interference significantly increased the susceptibility to lambda-cyhalothrin. Remarkably, the knockdown of CYP321A7 reduced the enzymatic activity of P450 by 43.7%, 31.9%, and 22.5% in SS, LRS, and FLRS populations, respectively. Interestingly, fourth-instar larvae treated with lambda-cyhalothrin at the LC30 dosage had a greater mortality rate due to RNA interference-induced suppression of CYP321A7 (with increases of 61.1%, 50.0%, and 45.6% for SS, LRS, and FLRS populations, respectively). These findings suggest a link between lambda-cyhalothrin resistance and continual overexpression of CYP321A7 in S. frugiperda larvae, emphasizing the possible importance of CYP321A7 in lambda-cyhalothrin detoxification in S. frugiperda.

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