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AIM: To compare the effectiveness of different decontamination methods on tried-in preformed metal crowns (PMCs). METHODS: Sixty unused PMCs and 90 tried-in PMCs from patients were assessed for contamination after culturing for 24 h on liquid media, solid media and differential media for identification of Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Subsequently, these PMCs were divided equally into the following six groups: autoclave (121 °C, 15 psi for 15 min), 5% sodium hypochlorite (5 min), 5% glutaraldehyde (5 min), 70% isopropyl alcohol (1 min) and normal saline (5 min). The contamination was reassessed, and the Log10 counts were compared to the pre-decontamination levels using one way ANOVA and paired t-test at a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: The mean percentage reduction in colony counts was significantly more in the autoclave group compared to glutaraldehyde or sodium hypochlorite groups, glass bead, isopropyl alcohol, and normal saline in this decreasing order. CONCLUSIONS: PMCs supplied by the manufacturer were found to be sterile and can be used directly on patients. The autoclave was the best method of sterilisation, although it did not eliminate the microbes 100%; followed by 5% glutaraldehyde and 5% sodium hypochlorite.

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BACKGROUND: Children with intellectual disabilities (ID) have usually been reported to have poorer levels of oral hygiene and higher prevalence of dental caries than their compeers. The present study was conducted to assess the status of dental caries and oral hygiene in different categories of institutionalised children with ID (syndromic and non-syndromic) registered in various special schools of Delhi (National Capital Region, India). METHODS: The present cross sectional study was conducted on 269 children [52 with cerebral palsy (CP), 35 with Down syndrome (DS), 30 with autism and 152 with non-syndromic intellectual disability] attending nine special schools who were examined for dental caries [Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth index for permanent teeth (DMFT); decayed, missing/indicated for extraction, filled index for primary teeth (dmft) and prevalence of caries] and oral hygiene status [Oral Hygiene Index-simplified (OHI-S)]. The levels of disability were classified according to Stanford Binet scale as severe (IQ ≤ 35), moderate (IQ = 36-51) and mild (IQ = 52-67). Statistical analysis was performed using one way analysis of variance and post hoc test to compare the levels between groups at a significance level of P < 0.05. RESULTS: Mean DMFT, dmft and OHI-S indices scores for all the children irrespective of the category and the level of ID were 2.12 ± 1.95, 0.97 ± 1.60 and 2.05 ± 1.07, respectively. As the level of ID increased among these children, the mean DMFT index and OHI-S index increased with no significant effect on dmft. However, children with severe ID had higher OHI-S and DMFT scores than children with mild or moderate ID. The dental caries prevalence was 86.53%, 68.57%, 76% and 86.18% in children with CP, DS, autism and non-syndromic intellectual disability, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The level of caries in permanent teeth and oral hygiene deteriorated with the increasing severity of ID as indicated by DMFT and OHI-S scores (severe > mild, moderate). However, the level of caries (dmft) was not affected by the level of ID in primary dentition. The prevalence of dental caries was highest among children with CP and least among children with DS.

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AIM: In this study, a planned research work was conducted to investigate the nutrigenomic aspects of supplementation of Allium sativum (garlic) and Ocimum sanctum (holy basil) leaf powder on the growth performance and immune characteristics of broilers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 6 weeks feeding trial was conducted with 280-day-old Ven Cobb broilers, distributed randomly into seven experimental groups. Each treatment had 4 replicates with 10 birds each. The birds of the control group (T1) were fed a basal diet formulated as per BIS standards. The broilers of treatment groups T2 and T3 were fed basal diet supplemented with the commercially available garlic powder (GP) at levels of 0.5% and 1.0% of the feed, respectively, while broilers in T4 and T5 were fed basal diet supplemented with commercial grade holy basil leaf powder (HBLP) at levels 0.5% and 1.0% of the feed, respectively. Birds in the T6 were fed with 0.5% GP and 0.5% HBLP, whereas T7 was fed with 1.0% GP and 1.0% HBLP. At the end of the feeding trial (6th week), blood samples were collected and analyzed for relative mRNA expression of toll-like receptors (TLR) 2, TLR 4 and TLR 7 using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The mean body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency were improved (p<0.05) in broilers fed the GP and HBLP incorporated diets compared with the control group. The relative mRNA expression levels of TLR 2, TLR 4 and TLR 7 in the peripheral blood of the broilers were found to be increased (p<0.05) in the birds supplemented with graded levels of the GP and HBLP as compared to the untreated group. CONCLUSION: The present work concludes that the inclusion of GP and HBLP could enhance the production performance and immune status of birds by augmenting the T-cell mediated immune response and thereby protects them from disease without decreasing growth traits as a possible substitution to conventional antimicrobials.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite modern advances in the prevention of dental caries and increased understanding of the importance of maintaining the natural primary dentition, many teeth are still lost prematurely. This can lead to malocclusion with aesthetic, phonetic and functional problems that may be transient or permanent. Therefore, maintaining the integrity and health of the oral tissues is the primary objective of pulp treatment. Pulpotomy has remained an acceptable and mainstay treatment in preserving the vitality of primary tooth and prolonging its life till the permanent successor erupts. Various materials and techniques are available for pulpotomy on primary molars; all with some advantages and disadvantages. The present study was carried out on 45 primary molars to evaluate and compare the clinical and radiographic success of diode laser, electrosurgical and ferric sulfate pulpotomy over a period of 9 months. Materials (Subjects) and Methods: The forty five primary molars were randomly and equally divided into three treatment groups which were as follows: Group A: 15 primary molars treated with 15.5% Ferric sulfate Group B: 15 primary molars treated with electrosurgical unit and Group C: 15 primary molars treated with diode laser. All teeth in three categories were followed up clinically and radiographically at 1, 3, 6 and 9 months post treatment and the findings were recorded on the prepared proforma RESULTS: Clinically, 86.6% success rate was found in ferric sulfate group whereas 100% success rate was found in electrosurgical and diode laser groups. Radiographically, 80% success rate was found in all the three groups at the end of 9 months with internal resorption being the most common cause of failure after pulpotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, electrosurgery and diode lasers appear to be acceptable alternative to pharmacotherapeutic pulpotomy agents.

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Ankamali pigs, the domesticated native pigs of Kerala province of India were genetically characterized using 23 FAO recommended microsatellite markers and were compared with other native Indian pig types and Large White pigs. Twenty-six blood samples were collected from genetically unrelated animals from their breeding tract and DNA was isolated by standard procedure of phenol/chloroform. The genomic DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at these 23 microsatellite loci, which were also used earlier to characterize Desi (North Indian) and Gahuri (North-East Indian) pigs, the other two native domesticated pig types of India. The PCR products were resolved by denaturing urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and alleles were visualized after silver nitrate staining. The data were analysed for allele size range, number of alleles, allelic frequencies, heterozygosity and polymorphism information content for each locus. The allele size range varied between 92-108 bp at locus S0026 and 280-296 bp at locus IGF-1. The total number of alleles varied between five (S0178 and S0386) and 11 (S0355). The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were found to be 0.74 +/- 0.09 and 0.83 +/- 0.03 respectively. In the neighbour-joining dendrogram based on D(A) genetic distances developed after 1000 bootstraps, the Ankamali pigs did not show genetic closeness either with other native Indian pig types or exotic Large White pigs with high bootstrap values indicating genetic distinctness of Ankamali pigs.

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