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Intelligence is strongly associated with working memory. Working memory training can improve fluid intelligence, but the underlying mechanism requires further investigation. Because inhibition control may play a key role in working memory training, this study investigated this process from an electrophysiological perspective. In total, 40 children aged 9 to 11 years were enrolled and randomly divided into a training group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). The training group received 20 days of working memory training, whereas the control group did not receive any training. Before and after the training period, all participants were tested using Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM), and electrophysiological indicators were recorded while they performed go/no-go and Stroop tasks. The results revealed that relative to the control group, the training group had significantly improved RSPM scores in the test conducted after their training. For the go/no-go tasks, the training group exhibited a significant decrease in N2 amplitude, a significant increase in P3 amplitude, a significant decrease in theta band energy, and an improvement in response inhibition ability. No significant change was observed for the Stroop task. Correlation analysis revealed that an improvement in individual response inhibition can positively predict an improvement in fluid intelligence. These results suggest that working memory training enhances the fluid intelligence of children by enhancing their response inhibition ability.
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In those theories or empirical-evident model of sexual offending, they all recognized which major life event would cause the sex offense in some conditions, therefore the onset crime of sexual offenders were not only a mark of personal history, but also could reflect the heterogeneity of sexual offenders. Our purpose is to study the onset crime typology of sexual offender and their difference in specialization, problem of psychology marks, and negative developmental experiences. We analyzed the pre-conviction data from 3,750 sexual offenders and their risk assessment data. The research results found that onset typology of sex crime would persist their criminal career into sexual offending, and through the group comparisons, the study pointed out differences in risk factors domain and adverse development experiences. We also discussed those research results and their meaning of risk management.
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Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) strategies in COVID-19 patients differ from those in patients suffering from cardiogenic cardiac arrest. During CPR, both healthcare and non-healthcare workers who provide resuscitation are at risk of infection. The Working Group for Expert Consensus on Prevention and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Cardiac Arrest in COVID-19 has developed this Chinese Expert Consensus to guide clinical practice of CPR in COVID-19 patients. Main recommendations: 1) A medical team should be assigned to evaluate severe and critical COVID-19 for early monitoring of cardiac-arrest warning signs. 2) Psychological counseling and treatment are highly recommended, since sympathetic and vagal abnormalities induced by psychological stress from the COVID-19 pandemic can induce cardiac arrest. 3) Healthcare workers should wear personal protective equipment (PPE). 4) Mouth-to-mouth ventilation should be avoided on patients suspected of having or diagnosed with COVID-19. 5) Hands-only chest compression and mechanical chest compression are recommended. 6) Tracheal-intubation procedures should be optimized and tracheal-intubation strategies should be implemented early. 7) CPR should be provided for 20-30 min. 8) Various factors should be taken into consideration such as the interests of patients and family members, ethics, transmission risks, and laws and regulations governing infectious disease control. Changes in management: The following changes or modifications to CPR strategy in COVID-19 patients are proposed: 1) Healthcare workers should wear PPE. 2) Hands-only chest compression and mechanical chest compression can be implemented to reduce or avoid the spread of viruses by aerosols. 3) Both the benefits to patients and the risk of infection should be considered. 4) Hhealthcare workers should be fully aware of and trained in CPR strategies and procedures specifically for patients with COVID-19.
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BACKGROUND: Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are the most common mental disorders of women suffered from childhood sexual abuse histories. It has been widely recognized that depression and PTSD may decrease patients' quality of life. The objective of this study is conducted to explore the effects of psychotherapy for depressed or PTSD women with childhood sexual abuse history. METHODS: We searched the PubMed and Cochrane Library from inception to June 30, 2019. The search strategy is (sexual assault OR sexual crime OR sexual abuse) AND (depression OR PTSD) AND (treatment OR intervention OR psychotherapy) with no restriction on language. Two authors independently selected the studies, assessed the quality of the included studies, and extracted data. RESULTS: Nine randomized control trials with 761 participants met the inclusion criteria. There were 340 participants in the psychotherapy group and 421 participants in the control group (usual treatment or waiting list). Compared to usual care, improvements were significantly greater in the psychotherapy group. The Beck depression inventory score for depression diagnosis of the psychotherapy group is lower from 4.27 to 8.96 (Pâ<â.05) than the control group. The client assessment protocols for PTSD, the diagnosis is also lower from 12.4 to 13.71 than the control group (Pâ<â.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggested that psychotherapy is effective in reducing depressed or PTSD women with childhood sexual abuse. Further large-scale high-quality randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up are warranted for confirming this finding.
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Abuso Sexual Infantil/psicología , Depresión/terapia , Psicoterapia/normas , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/terapia , Adulto , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Niño , Depresión/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Psicoterapia/métodos , Psicoterapia/tendencias , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/psicologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Anxiety symptoms are pervasive among elderly populations around the world. The Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (the GAI) has been developed and widely used in screening those suffering from severe symptoms. Although debates about its dimensionality have been mostly resolved by Molde et al. (2019) with bifactor modeling, evidence regarding its measurement invariance across sex and somatic diseases is still missing. METHODS: This study attempted to provide complemental evidence to the dimensionality debates of the GAI with Mokken scale analysis and to examine its measurement invariance across sex and somatic diseases by conducting differential item functioning (DIF) analysis among a sample of older Chinese adults. The data was from responses of a large representative sample (N = 1314) in the Chinese National Survey Data Archive, focusing on the mental health of elderly adults. RESULTS: The results of Mokken scale analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the GAI, and DIF analysis indicated measurement invariance of this inventory across individuals with different sex and somatic diseases, with just a few items exhibiting item bias but all of them negligible. CONCLUSIONS: All these findings supported the use of this inventory among Chinese elders to screen anxiety symptoms and to make comparisons across sex and somatic diseases.
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Ansiedad/epidemiología , Ansiedad/psicología , Pueblo Asiatico/psicología , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica/normas , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Ansiedad/diagnóstico , China/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Psicometría , Distribución Aleatoria , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: In Taiwan, few studies explored the morbidity of mental disorders among prisoners. The purpose of this study is conducted to estimate the prevalence of mental disorders in Taiwanese prisoners. METHODS: Based on Nationwide population-based databank, 82,650 prisons were studied for mental disorders. Mental disorders were assessed with the International Classification of Diseases 9th revision Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). RESULT: The prevalence of mental disorders among prisoners was estimated 11.31%. Female prisons exhibited a higher prevalence than males (17.82% vs. 10.56%, p < 0.01). Among all cases that were diagnosed with the contents of mental disorder, anxiety, dissociative and somatoform disorders was the most frequent disease (total: 49.48%, female: 59.42%, male: 47.55%) followed by special symptoms or syndromes (total: 38.24%, female: 33.20%, male: 39.22%), drug dependence (total: 15.41%, female: 9.22%, male: 16.61%), episodic mood disorders (total: 13.56%, female: 26.15%, male: 11.12%), nondependent abuse of drugs (total: 11.23%, female: 2.77%, male: 12.87%) and depressive disorder (total: 11.23%, female: 11.66%, male: 11.14%). CONCLUSION: A substantial proportion of prisoners reported having mental disorders. The results suggests the necessity of comprehensive assessment and more treatment programs that offer alternatives to incarceration of mental health for the criminal justice system in Taiwan.
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Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades , Masculino , Salud Mental , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Prisioneros/estadística & datos numéricos , Prisiones/estadística & datos numéricos , Taiwán/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Chest CT is increasingly used to monitor disease progression in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) but there is no national guideline regarding its use. Our objective was to assess the indications for undertaking chest CT and the protocols used to obtain scans. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: An electronic questionnaire was developed to assess clinicians views on chest CT in children with CF. It included general questions on perceived benefits and specific questions about its role in five clinical scenarios. It was sent to the clinical lead in 27 UK paediatric CF centres. A separate questionnaire was developed to collect the technical details of chest CT in children with CF. It was sent to the superintendent radiographer at each of the 27 centres. RESULTS: Responses were obtained from 27 (100%) clinical leads and 22 (81%) superintendent radiographers. 93% clinicians reported chest CT useful in monitoring disease progression and 70% said it frequently altered management. Only 5 (19%) undertook routine scans. To aid diagnosis, 81% performed chest CT in non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease and 15% in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. There was wide variation in the perceived need for and/or timing of chest CT in children with reduced lung function with no benefit from intravenous antibiotics, new cystic changes on chest X-ray, and lobar collapse. The radiographers reported using a mixture of helical (volumetric) and axial scans depending on the clinical question, the age and the cooperation of the child. When indicated, 6 (27%) used sedation and 16 (73%) general anaesthetic. Only 1 (5%) used intravenous contrast routinely and 3 (14%) obtained expiratory images routinely. CONCLUSIONS: There is marked variation in the use of chest CT in children with CF and in the scan protocols. The lack of a national guideline is likely to be contributing to this lack of standardisation.
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OBJECTIVES: Cumulative radiation exposure is associated with increased risk of malignancy. This is important in cystic fibrosis (CF) as frequent imaging is required to monitor disease progression and diagnose complications. Previous estimates of cumulative radiation are outdated as the imaging was performed on older equipment likely to deliver higher radiation. Our objectives were to determine the radiation dose delivered to children during common radiological investigations using modern equipment and to identify the number of such investigations performed in a cohort of children with CF to calculate their cumulative radiation exposure. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Data including age at investigation and radiation exposure measured as estimated effective dose (EED) were collected on 2827 radiological studies performed on children at one UK paediatric centre. These were combined with the details of all radiological investigations performed on 65 children with CF attending the same centre to enable calculation of each child's cumulative radiation exposure. RESULTS: The mean EED for the common radiological investigations varied according to age. The range was 0.01-0.02 mSv for chest X-rays, 0.03-0.11 mSv for abdominal X-rays, 0.57-1.69 mSv for CT chest, 2.9-3.9 mSv for abdominal and pelvic CT, 0.20-0.21 mSv for sinus CT and 0.15-0.52 mSv for fluoroscopy-guided procedures. The mean EED was three to five times higher for helical compared with axial chest CT scans. The mean annual cumulative EED for our cohort of children with CF was 0.15 mSv/year with an estimated cumulative paediatric lifetime EED (0-18 years) of 3.5 mSv. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides up-to-date estimations of the radiation exposure when using common radiological investigations. These doses and the estimates of cumulative radiation exposure in children with CF are lower than previously reported. This reflects the reduced EED associated with modern equipment and the use of age-specific scanning protocols.
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Fibrosis Quística/diagnóstico por imagen , Dosis de Radiación , Exposición a la Radiación , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Radiografía Torácica , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
The use of electric bicycles (EBs) in China is growing. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the pattern and outcomes of EB-related injuries presenting to a major general hospital in China.This was a retrospective review of EB-related injuries presenting to Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital from 2008 to 2011. Cases were identified from medical records according to diagnosis codes. Data captured included demographics, injury characteristics, and outcomes.A total of 3156 cases were reviewed in the present study. There were 1460 cases of traffic accidents, of which 482 cases were EB-related (32.7%). In addition, most of EB-related cases (44.6%) belonged to the 41- to 60-year-old age group. Median injury severity score was 10. Moreover, 34.9% underwent surgery and 24.7% were admitted to intensive care unit. The median hospitalization cost was 14,269 USD. Fracture (56.5%) was the most frequently diagnosed injury type, and head was the most commonly injured body region (31.1%).EB-related injuries have become a major health concern, making up a sizeable proportion of injuries presenting to the emergency department. Therefore, it is necessary to establish injury prevention and strategies for EB road safety. Implementation of policy such as compulsory helmet use, as well as popularization of EB road safety education should be considered to improve the current situation of EB-related injuries in China.
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Accidentes de Tránsito , Ciclismo/lesiones , Equipos y Suministros Eléctricos , Accidentes de Tránsito/economía , Accidentes de Tránsito/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Ciclismo/economía , Ciclismo/estadística & datos numéricos , China , Traumatismos Craneocerebrales/economía , Traumatismos Craneocerebrales/epidemiología , Traumatismos Craneocerebrales/etiología , Traumatismos Craneocerebrales/terapia , Cuidados Críticos/economía , Cuidados Críticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Servicios Médicos de Urgencia/economía , Servicios Médicos de Urgencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Fracturas Óseas/economía , Fracturas Óseas/epidemiología , Fracturas Óseas/etiología , Fracturas Óseas/terapia , Costos de Hospital , Humanos , Puntaje de Gravedad del Traumatismo , Tiempo de Internación/economía , Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in women is thought to be lower than that of men, with better outcomes in some Western studies. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effect of gender on OHCA outcomes in the Pan-Asian population. METHODOLOGY: This was a retrospective, secondary analysis of the Pan Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study (PAROS) data between 2009 and 2012. We included OHCA cases which were presumed cardiac etiology, aged 18 years and above and resuscitation attempted by emergency medical services (EMS) systems. We used multi-level mixed-effects logistic regression models to account for the clustering effect of individuals within the country. Primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. RESULTS: We included a total of 40,159 OHCA cases, 40% of which were women. We found that women were more likely to be older and have an initial non-shockable arrest rhythm; they were more likely to receive bystander cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The univariate analysis showed that women were significantly less likely to have return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) at scene or in the emergency department (ED), and had lower rates of survival-to-admission and discharge, and poorer overall and cerebral performance outcomes. There was however, no significant gender difference on outcomes after adjustment of other confounders. Women in the reproductive age group (age 18-44 years) were significantly more likely to have ROSC at scene or in the ED, higher rates of survival-to-admission and discharge, and have better overall and cerebral performance outcomes after adjustment for differences in baseline and pre-hospital factors. Menopausal women (age 55 years and above) were less likely to survive to admission after adjusting for other pre-hospital characteristics but not after age adjustment. CONCLUSION: Differences in survival outcomes between reproductive and menopausal women highlight a need for further investigations into the plausible social, pathologic or hormonal basis.
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Reanimación Cardiopulmonar , Servicios Médicos de Urgencia/métodos , Paro Cardíaco Extrahospitalario/mortalidad , Sistema de Registros , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Asia/epidemiología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Distribución por Sexo , Factores Sexuales , Tasa de Supervivencia/tendenciasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Primary angiosarcoma of the breast (PAB) is a rare occurrence of highly aggressive biological behavior. Bilateral PAB is even more infrequent. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a 39-year-old Chinese woman with metachronous bilateral PAB (2005 and 2008). The diagnosis of PAB was confirmed. The respective masses were removed via simple mastectomy. The extent of malignancy differed microscopically between the two tumors and indicated a different source. After two surgeries and a 3-year follow-up, the patient is alive and well. The current case illustrates an unusual presentation of this rare type of breast sarcoma, in that none of the clin-icopathological findings are thought to confer a good prognosis. We also review the literature and summarize relevant findings concerning definition, pathology, clinical features, treatment, and follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that the survival rate depends on tumor size and differentiation. Surgical resection followed by chemotherapy may prove to be effective and afford the best prognosis in the future.
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BACKGROUND: This study was designed to address the concern that intensive regimens to eradicate early Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients with cystic fibrosis may lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant isolates. METHODS: Data was analysed retrospectively over a 10 year period at the Leeds Regional Paediatric Cystic Fibrosis Centre. All patients with first-ever isolation of P. aeruginosa who successfully completed an eradication regimen were included. Antibiotic sensitivities of P. aeruginosa were compared between initial and subsequent re-isolations in patients where eradication was successful and in those where treatment had failed. RESULTS: Forty one patients with first acquisitions for P. aeruginosa and who completed eradication treatment were identified. Eradication treatments consisted of oral, intravenous, nebulised antibiotics or a combination of these. The antibiotic sensitivity of P. aeruginosa in first growths was high and remained so on subsequent re-isolations. A repeated measures logistic model found no significant difference with time of isolation. There was no statistically significant difference in antibiotic sensitivity between P. aeruginosa isolated after successful and failed eradication. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated intensive regimens for P. aeruginosa eradication did not result in a significant increase in overall antibiotic resistance between initial and subsequent growths of this organism over the period of this study.