RESUMEN
Background. This proof-of-concept study investigated a method of multisensory perceptual training for tinnitus, and whether a short, low-dose administration of fluoxetine enhanced training effects and changed neural connectivity.Methods. A double-blind, randomized placebo controlled design with 20 participants (17 male, 3 female, mean age = 57.1 years) involved 30 min daily computer-based, multisensory training (matching visual, auditory and tactile stimuli to perception of tinnitus) for 20 days, and random allocation to take 20 mg fluoxetine or placebo daily. Behavioral measures of tinnitus and correlations between pairs of a priori regions of interest (ROIs), obtained using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), were performed before and after the training.Results. Significant changes in ratings of tinnitus loudness, annoyance, and problem were observed with training. No statistically significant changes in Tinnitus Functional Index, Tinnitus Handicap Inventory or Depression Anxiety Stress Scales were found with training. Fluoxetine did not alter any of the behavioural outcomes of training compared to placebo. Significant changes in connectivity between ROIs were identified with training; sensory and attention neural network ROI changes correlated with significant tinnitus rating changes. Rs-fMRI results suggested that the direction of functional connectivity changes between auditory and non-auditory networks, with training and fluoxetine, were opposite to the direction of those changes with multisensory training and placebo.Conclusions. Improvements in tinnitus measures were correlated with changes in sensory and attention networks. The results provide preliminary evidence for changes in rs-fMRI accompanying a multisensory training method in persons with tinnitus.
Asunto(s)
Percepción Auditiva , Conectoma , Fluoxetina/farmacología , Rehabilitación Neurológica , Plasticidad Neuronal/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/farmacología , Acúfeno/tratamiento farmacológico , Acúfeno/rehabilitación , Percepción del Tacto , Percepción Visual , Adulto , Anciano , Percepción Auditiva/fisiología , Terapia Combinada , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Fluoxetina/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Prueba de Estudio Conceptual , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/administración & dosificación , Terapia Asistida por Computador , Percepción del Tacto/fisiología , Percepción Visual/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The present investigation was designed to determine the interaction of nitric oxide with other antioxidants in relieving oxidative stress induced by NaCl at morphological, physiological and molecular level. 15 days old seedlings of B. juncea were subjected to 50 mM NaCl alone, 100 µM SNP alone and in combination (SNP + NaCl) in hoagland growth medium for 96 h and to analyze the cellular homeostasis and salt tolerance mechanism via examining growth, stress parameters, enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants and expression level of NR. Exposure of 100 µM sodium nitroprusside to mustard seedling enhanced photosynthetic pigment content and prevented plant growth inhibition. Accumulation of MDA and H2O2 was more pronounced in individual NaCl treated seedling than in the combination of NaCl and SNP. Applying SNP enhanced NR activity by 1.70 folds and increased NO production by 2.26 folds than individual salt treated roots. Furthermore, the activities of CAT, GPX and NR act synergistically with endogenous NO level whereas APX work antagonistically. In addition, the study also demonstrates that NO regulated NaCl induced transcriptional expression of NR. Induction of BjNR in Indian mustard roots lead to enhanced the plant resistance against salinity stress. The present finding revealed that NO confers increased B. juncea tolerance to salt stress by stimulation of antioxidants and reestablishment of cellular redox status.
RESUMEN
Background: This study was conducted to investigate the short-term behavioural and neurophysiological effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on tinnitus perception.Methods: A double-blind randomized controlled cross-over design. Part 1. Behavioural measures of tinnitus following 30 mg MDMA or placebo administration (N = 5 participants) and Part 2. Behavioural measures of tinnitus and correlations between pairs of apriori regions of interest (ROI) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) before and after 70 mg of MDMA or placebo (N = 8 participants).Results: The results to MDMA were similar to placebo. For the 70 mg dose, there was a significant reduction after 4 h in annoyance and ignore ratings. RsMRI showed decreased connectivity compared with placebo administration between the left hippocampal, right hippocampal, left amygdala and right amygdala regions, and between the right posterior parahippocampal cortex and the left amygdala after two hours of 70 mg MDMA administration. Increased connectivity compared to placebo administration was found post MDMA between the right post-central gyrus and right posterior and superior temporal gyrus, and between the thalamus and frontoparietal network.Conclusions: Following 70 mg of MDMA two tinnitus rating scales significantly improved. There was, however, a placebo effect. Compared with placebo the rsMRI following the MDMA showed reductions in connectivity between the amygdala, hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus. There is sufficient proof of concept to support future investigation of MDMA as a treatment for tinnitus.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , N-Metil-3,4-metilenodioxianfetamina/administración & dosificación , Psicotrópicos/administración & dosificación , Acúfeno/tratamiento farmacológico , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Mapeo Encefálico , Estudios Cruzados , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vías Nerviosas/efectos de los fármacos , Vías Nerviosas/fisiopatología , Acúfeno/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Exploration of human pulmonary artery endothelial cell (EC) as a prototypical biomechanical system has important pathophysiologic relevance because this cell type plays a key role in the development of a wide variety of clinical conditions. The complex hierarchical organization ranging from the molecular scale up to the cellular level has an intimate and intricate relationship to the barrier function between lung tissue and blood. To understand the innate molecule-cell-tissue relationship across varied length-scales, the functional role of c-Abl kinase in the cytoskeletal nano-biomechanics of ECs in response to barrier-altering agonists was investigated using atomic force microscopy. Concurrently, the spatially specific arrangement of cytoskeleton structure and dynamic distribution of critical proteins were examined using scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Reduction in c-Abl expression by siRNA attenuates both thrombin- and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-mediated structural changes in ECs, specifically spatially-defined changes in elastic modulus and distribution of critical proteins. These results indicate that c-Abl kinase is an important determinant of cortical actin-based cytoskeletal rearrangement. Our findings directly bridge the gap between kinase activity, structural complexity, and functional connectivity across varied length-scales, and suggest that manipulation of c-Abl kinase activity may be a potential target for the treatment of pulmonary barrier disorders.
Asunto(s)
Citoesqueleto de Actina/efectos de los fármacos , Células Endoteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Mecanotransducción Celular , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-abl/genética , Citoesqueleto de Actina/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto de Actina/ultraestructura , Antígenos CD/genética , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Cadherinas/genética , Cadherinas/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Cortactina/genética , Cortactina/metabolismo , Módulo de Elasticidad , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales/ultraestructura , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Lisofosfolípidos/farmacología , Microscopía de Fuerza Atómica , Paxillin/genética , Paxillin/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-abl/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-abl/metabolismo , Arteria Pulmonar/citología , Arteria Pulmonar/metabolismo , ARN Interferente Pequeño/genética , ARN Interferente Pequeño/metabolismo , Esfingosina/análogos & derivados , Esfingosina/farmacología , Trombina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The endothelium serves as a size-selective barrier and tightly controls the fluid exchange from the circulation to the surrounding tissues. In this study, a multiplexed microscopy characterization is developed to study the spatio-temporal effects of Abl kinases on endothelial cytoskeletal structure using AFM, SEM, and immunofluorescence. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) produces significant endothelial barrier enhancement by means of peripheral actin rearrangement. However, Abl kinase inhibition by imatinib reduces rapid redistribution of the important cytoskeletal proteins to the periphery and their association with the cortical actin ring. Herein, it moderates the thickness of the cortical actin ring, and diminishes the increase in elastic modulus at the periphery and cytoplasm. These findings demonstrate that imatinib attenuates multiple cytoskeletal changes associated with S1P-mediated endothelial barrier enhancement and suggest a novel role for Abl kinases in mediating these S1P effects. These observations bridge the gap between molecule dynamics, structure complexity and function connectivity across varied length-scales to improve our understanding on human pulmonary endothelial barrier regulation. Moreover, our study suggests a framework for understanding form-function relationships in other biomechanical subsystems, wherein complex hierarchical organization programmed from the molecular scale to the cellular and tissue levels has an intimate relationship to the overall physiological function.
Asunto(s)
Citoesqueleto/efectos de los fármacos , Mesilato de Imatinib/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Arteria Pulmonar/citología , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Cadherinas/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Cortactina/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto/ultraestructura , Endotelio Vascular/citología , Endotelio Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Endotelio Vascular/metabolismo , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Humanos , Lisofosfolípidos/farmacología , Microscopía de Fuerza Atómica , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Paxillin/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-abl/agonistas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-abl/antagonistas & inhibidores , Arteria Pulmonar/efectos de los fármacos , Esfingosina/análogos & derivados , Esfingosina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Auditory stimulation has been shown to suppress the loudness of tinnitus (residual inhibition, RI). Somatosensory manipulations have also been shown to sometimes decrease tinnitus perception. An 'ear-massaging' device, the 'Reltus' ( www.reltus.com ), has been marketed as a tinnitus treatment device. This study was undertaken to evaluate its short-term effectiveness and mode of effect. DESIGN: The research was undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 measured the change in tinnitus perception after one minute of auditory stimulation through headphones and after application of a vibrating device to four different stimulation points around the pinna for one minute each. Phase 2 evaluated if it was the vibrations that were responsible for the effect on tinnitus perception, or sound produced by the vibrator. STUDY SAMPLE: Twenty-three participants completed phase 1 and 10 participants participated in the second phase. RESULTS: RI to auditory stimulation was found in 87% of participants and to tactile stimulation in 83%. No significant differences were found in the effectiveness between the four vibration stimulation points, or between the left and right ear of the participants. The Reltus produced a sound that resulted in RI. CONCLUSIONS: It is the auditory artifact of the Reltus that was responsible for short-term tinnitus suppression.
Asunto(s)
Estimulación Acústica/métodos , Masaje/instrumentación , Enmascaramiento Perceptual , Acúfeno/terapia , Estimulación Acústica/instrumentación , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Masaje/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sonido , Acúfeno/psicología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Vibración/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
An improved procedure has been developed for efficient somatic embryogenesis in Anethum graveolens. Green friable embryogenic callus was obtained from hypocotyl segments on medium augmented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The highest embryogenic callus induction frequency of 87 % was obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.13 µM 2,4-D. At lower concentration of 2,4-D (0.34 µM) callus turned dark in color and slow growing. Embryogenic cultures (76 %) responded with a mean number of 43 globular and 18 heart stage embryos. Somatic embryo maturation and subsequent conversion into plantlets took place on MS lacking growth regulators. Maximum number of somatic embryos developed on MS medium was 128.3 (per flask) and a plantlet conversion of 82 % was observed. Calcium alginate beads were produced by encapsulating somatic embryos. Highest percent germination (83 %) was observed on 0.8 % agar solidified MS medium with the plantlets acquiring an average length of 2.1 cm. Encapsulated somatic embryos could be stored at 4 °C up to 60 days with a conversion frequency of 49.3 %. Highest protein and proline content has been observed in embryogenic callus with small globular embryos. During morphological differentiation of the somatic embryos, changes in the antioxidant enzymatic system were observed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased during initial stages and decreased catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were detected.
Asunto(s)
Anethum graveolens/embriología , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula/métodos , Plantas Medicinales/embriología , Alginatos/química , Anethum graveolens/química , Anethum graveolens/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula/instrumentación , Medios de Cultivo/química , Medios de Cultivo/metabolismo , Ácido Glucurónico/química , Ácidos Hexurónicos/química , Plantas Medicinales/química , Plantas Medicinales/metabolismoRESUMEN
Nitric oxide (NO) is recognized as a biological messenger in various tissues to regulate diverse range of physiological process including growth, development and response to abiotic and biotic factors. The NO emission from plants is known since the 1970s, and there is copious information on the multiple effects of exogenously applied NO on different physiological and biochemical processes of plants. Heavy metal toxicity is one of the major abiotic stresses leading to hazardous effects in plants and its toxicity is based on chemical and physical property. A common consequence of heavy metal toxicity is the uncontrolled and excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which leads to peroxidation of lipids, oxidation of protein, inactivation of enzymes, DNA damage and/or interact with other vital constituents of plant cells. Recently, an increasing number of articles have reported the effects of exogenous NO on alleviating heavy metal toxicity in plants but knowledge of physiological mechanisms of NO in alleviating heavy metal toxicity is quite limited, and some results contradict one another. Therefore, to help clarify the roles of NO in heavy metal tolerance, it is important to review and discuss the recent advances on this area of research. NO can provoke both beneficial and harmful effects, which depend on the concentration and location of NO in the plant cells. NO alleviates the harmfulness of the ROS, and reacts with other target molecules, and regulates the expression of stress responsive genes under various stress conditions. This manuscript includes, the latest advances in understanding the effects of endogenous NO on heavy metal toxicity and the mechanisms and role of NO as an antioxidant as well as in protein nitration are highlighted.
Asunto(s)
Intoxicación por Metales Pesados , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Plantas/metabolismo , Intoxicación/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Metales Pesados/metabolismo , Nitratos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
Research on NO in plants has achieved huge attention in recent years mainly due to its function in plant growth and development under biotic and abiotic stresses. In the present study, we investigated Cd induced NO generation and its relationship to ROS and antioxidant regulation in Brassica juncea. Cd accumulated rapidly in roots and caused oxidative stress as indicated by increased level of lipid peroxidation and H2O2 thus, inhibiting the overall plant growth. It significantly decreased the root length, leaf water content and photosynthetic pigments. A rapid induction in intracellular NO was observed at initial exposures and low concentrations of Cd. A 2.74-fold increase in intracellular NO was recorded in roots treated with 25 µM Cd than control. NO effects on Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and on antioxidant system was investigated by using sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor and a scavenger, [2-(4-carboxy-2-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylinidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide] (cPTIO). Roots pretreated with 5 mM SNP for 6 h when exposed to 25 µM Cd for 24 h reduced the level of proline, non-protein thiols, SOD, APX and CAT in comparison to only Cd treatments. However, this effect was almost blocked by 100 µM cPTIO pretreatment to roots for 1 h. This ameliorating effect of NO was specific because cPTIO completely reversed the effect in the presence of Cd. Thus, the present study report that NO strongly counteracts Cd induced ROS mediated cytotoxicity in B. juncea by controlling antioxidant metabolism as the related studies are not well reported in this species.
Asunto(s)
Planta de la Mostaza/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Cadmio/farmacología , Peroxidación de Lípido , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Planta de la Mostaza/enzimología , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantones/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) combined with intrauterine insemination (IUI), using a volume of 0.5 ml of inseminate is commonly offered to couples with non-tubal sub fertility. Another method is Fallopian tube sperm perfusion (FSP) which is based on a pressure injection of 4 ml of sperm suspension while attempting to seal the cervix to prevent semen reflux. This technique ensures the presence of higher sperm density in the fallopian tubes at the time of ovulation than standard IUI. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of standard intrauterine insemination (IUI) and Fallopian tube sperm perfusion (FSP) in the treatment of non-tubal infertility. METHODS: 200 consecutive patients with infertility in 404 stimulated cycles were included in the study. Those randomized to standard IUI included 100 patients in 184 cycles [158 clomiphene citrate/human menopausal gonadotrophin cycles and 26 Letrozole/FSH cycles exclusively for polycystic ovarian disease patients] (group A). Patients subjected to FSP included 100 patients in 220 cycles (193 clomiphene citrate/human menopausal gonadotrophin cycles and 27 Letrozole/FSH cycles exclusively for polycystic ovarian disease patients] (group B). Swim up semen preparation technique was used in all cases. Insemination was performed in both groups 34-37 h after hCG administration. Standard IUI was performed using 0.5 ml of inseminate. In FSP 4 ml inseminate was used. RESULTS: In group A (184 IUI cycles in 100 patients), 22 clinical pregnancies (presence of gestational sac with fetal cardiac activity) occurred (11.95% per cycle over four cycles). In group B, (220 cycles of FSP in 100 patients), 48 clinical pregnancies occurred (21.81% per cycle over four cycles) and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: For non-tubal sub fertility, the results indicate clear benefit for FSP (Fallopian tube sperm perfusion) over IUI (Intrauterine insemination).
RESUMEN
Gloriosa superba L. is a perennial climber and is used as an ayurvedic medicinal herb to cure diseases in various parts of Africa and Southeast Asia. The plant was under threatened category due to its imprudent harvesting from wild as it is extensively used by medicinal industries for its colchicine content. It also faces a low seed set problem, but due to its industrial demand it is now under cultivation. The plant is used to cure arthritis, gout, rheumatism, inflammation, ulcers, bleeding piles, skin diseases, leprosy, impotency, snakebites, etc. Various compounds have been isolated from the plant parts mainly tubers and seeds, viz colchicine, colchicoside (its semi-synthetic derivative - thiocolchicoside), superbine, gloriosine, lumicolchicine, 3-demethyl-N-deformyl-N-deacetylcolchicine, 3-demethylcolchicine, N-formyl deacetylcolchicine. In the present review, we have summarized the information concerning the occurrence, botanical description, ethanopharmacology, medicinal uses, biological activities and toxicological studies on this plant.
Asunto(s)
Etnofarmacología , Liliaceae/química , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Liliaceae/toxicidad , Medicina Ayurvédica , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Plantas MedicinalesRESUMEN
Haem oxygenase (HO) degrades free haem released from haem proteins with the generation of ferrous iron (Fe2+), biliverdin-IXalpha (BV-IXalpha), and carbon monoxide (CO). The mechanism of haem cleavage has been conserved between plants and other organisms even though the function, subcellular localization, and cofactor requirements of HO differ substantially. The crystal structure of HO1, a monomeric protein, has been extensively reported in mammals, pathogenic bacteria, and cyanobacteria, but no such reports are available for higher plant HOs except a predicted model for pea HO1. Along with haem degradation, HO performs various cellular processes including iron acquisition/mobilization, phytochrome chromophore synthesis, cell protection, and stomatal regulation. To date, four HO genes (HO1, HO2, HO3, and HO4) have been reported in plants. HO1 has been well explored in cell metabolism; however, the divergent roles of the other three HOs is less known. The transcriptional up-regulation of HO1 in plants responds to many agents, such as light, UV, iron deprivation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), abscisic acid (ABA), and haematin. Recently the HO1/CO system has gained more attention due to its physiological cytoprotective role in plants. This review focuses on the recent advances made in plant HO research involving its role in environmental stresses. Moreover, the review emphasizes physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of this enzyme in plants.
Asunto(s)
Hemo Oxigenasa (Desciclizante)/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas/enzimología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Monóxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Hemo/metabolismo , Hemo Oxigenasa (Desciclizante)/química , Hemo Oxigenasa (Desciclizante)/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Plantas/química , Plantas/genética , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
Anethum graveolens L. (dill) has been used in ayurvedic medicines since ancient times and it is a popular herb widely used as a spice and also yields essential oil. It is an aromatic and annual herb of apiaceae family. The Ayurvedic uses of dill seeds are carminative, stomachic and diuretic. There are various volatile components of dill seeds and herb; carvone being the predominant odorant of dill seed and α-phellandrene, limonene, dill ether, myristicin are the most important odorants of dill herb. Other compounds isolated from seeds are coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic acids and steroids. The main purpose of this review is to understand the significance of Anethum graveolens in ayurvedic medicines and non-medicinal purposes and emphasis can also be given to the enhancement of secondary metabolites of this medicinal plant.
RESUMEN
Metabolic adaptations to heavy metal toxicity in plants are thought to be related with developmental growth stage and the type of metal by which plant is affected. In the present study, changes in ionically bound CWP, soluble peroxidase activity, H(2)O(2) level and Malonaldehyde content in roots of cadmium and copper stressed seedlings and cadmium stressed 3-4 leaf stage plants of Brassica juncea were investigated. Cadmium inhibits root growth and reduces fresh biomass. The reduction in root growth and fresh biomass is correlated with increased lipid peroxidation and reduced tolerance. Treatment with cadmium resulted in an increase in ionically bound CWP activity in roots of seedlings but no significant change in its activity was found in roots of 3-4 leaf stage plants. Increased level of H(2)O(2) in roots of cadmium and copper treated seedlings, show a direct correlation with increased activity of ionically bound CWP. H(2)O(2) level in 3-4 leaf stage plant roots was found to be very low. Soluble peroxidase activity decreased in cadmium (50 and 100 mu-icroM) treated seedlings but it was ineffective to cause any change in its activity in 3-4 leaf stage plants. Copper treated seedlings showed an increase in ionically bound CWP activity, H(2)O(2) level and MDA content. Ascorbic acid (50 mM) pretreated seedlings shows significant decrease in ionically bound CWP activity when exposed to 50 muM cadmium. Hence, it is concluded that inhibition of root growth in Brassica juncea seedlings by cadmium, is associated with CWP catalyzed H(2)O(2) dependent reactions which are involved in metabolic adaptations to heavy-metal stress.
Asunto(s)
Cadmio/toxicidad , Planta de la Mostaza/efectos de los fármacos , Peroxidasas/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Pared Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Pared Celular/enzimología , Pared Celular/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Planta de la Mostaza/crecimiento & desarrollo , Planta de la Mostaza/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantones/efectos de los fármacos , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantones/metabolismoRESUMEN
AIMS: To assess genotypic diversity within Ralstonia solanacearum isolates of a single field. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 44 field isolates and 22 in vitro generated clones of R. solanacearum were studied for genotypic diversity by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Genomic DNA of these isolates and clones was extracted by proteinase-K-SDS lysis mini-prep method. RAPD analysis was done with 30 decamer primers. The data were analysed using NTSYSpc 2.02h software. Forty-two out of 44 field isolates and all the clonal isolates were identified as distinct genotypes at 70% similarity level. CONCLUSION: Very high level of genome variability was observed within the field and clonal isolates of R. solanacearum. This might be a reason for the wide host range of this bacterium and for quick breakdown of wilt resistance in host plants. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results suggest that it would be difficult to design specific diagnostic protocol for R. solanacearum even for a localized population and to breed cultivars with broad-spectrum resistance.
Asunto(s)
ADN Bacteriano/análisis , Variación Genética/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Ralstonia solanacearum/genética , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Ecosistema , Marcadores Genéticos , Genoma Bacteriano , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Técnica del ADN Polimorfo Amplificado AleatorioRESUMEN
Community volunteers (CVs) along with NGOs and private sector can play an important role in successful directly observed treatment (DOT), an important element of RNTCP. The involvement of CVs can be useful in areas with poor health structure. CVs can be recruited from housewives to chowkiders in all walks of life. Many studies have shown non-health workers have performed better supervision than health workers. Successful involvement of CVs in the RNTCP depends on supervision and the standard of quality of services set by the district programme.