RESUMEN
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory autoimmune disease that is characterized by demyelination and axonal damage in the nervous system. One obvious consequence is a cumulative loss of muscle control. However, cognitive dysfunction affects roughly half of MS sufferers, sometimes already early in the disease course. Although long-term (remote) memory is typically unaffected, the ability to form new declarative memories becomes compromised. A major structure for the encoding of new declarative memories is the hippocampus. Encoding is believed to be mediated by synaptic plasticity in the form of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic strength. Here, in an animal model of MS we explored whether disease symptoms are accompanied by a loss of functional neuronal integrity, synaptic plasticity, or hippocampus-dependent learning ability. In mice that developed MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), passive properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons were unaffected, although the ability to fire action potentials became reduced in the late phase of EAE. LTP remained normal in the early phase of MOG35-55-induced EAE. However, in the late phase, LTP was impaired and LTP-related spatial memory was impaired. In contrast, LTD and hippocampus-dependent object recognition memory were unaffected. These data suggest that in an animal model of MS hippocampal function becomes compromised as the disease progresses.
Asunto(s)
Potenciales de Acción/fisiología , Región CA1 Hipocampal/fisiopatología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/fisiopatología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/psicología , Potenciación a Largo Plazo/fisiología , Memoria Espacial/fisiología , Animales , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Potenciales Postsinápticos Excitadores/fisiología , Femenino , Depresión Sináptica a Largo Plazo/fisiología , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito , Técnicas de Placa-Clamp , Fragmentos de Péptidos , Células Piramidales/fisiología , Reconocimiento en Psicología/fisiología , Técnicas de Cultivo de TejidosRESUMEN
We have measured and theoretically analyzed the diffuse scattering in the binary alloy system Au-Ni, which has been proposed as a testing ground for theories of alloy phase stability. We found strong evidence that in the alloys Au3Ni and Au3Ni2, fluctuations of both ordering- and clustering-type are competing with each other. Our results resolve a long-standing controversy on the balance of relaxation and mixing energies in this alloy system and explain recent findings of ordering in thin Au-Ni films.
RESUMEN
We report a new type of short-range order correlations at the (001) surface of Cu3Au which no longer produces the 2k(F)-splitting characteristic for the bulk short-range order scattering. We present the temperature dependence of this phenomenon and a theoretical interpretation of its origin. We argue that this new surface effect is caused by a drastic change of the strain-induced interactions at the surface.
RESUMEN
We present a theoretical and experimental study of the effect of lattice distortions on the short-range order and the energetics of ordering binary alloys. Applying a reciprocal space approach which accounts for the elastic response of the lattice, the diffuse scattering of the model system Cu(83)Mn(17) can be explained with only a few physical parameters. The model calculations point to a nonanalytic diffuse intensity at q = 0. X-ray scattering experiments are presented providing clear evidence for this phenomenon which carries detailed information on the strain-induced interaction.