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BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is one of the most common male cancers. The prevalence of prostate cancer is different due to genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis of prostate cancer is by biopsy due to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and Digital Rectal Examination (DRE). Controversy about decision making for prostate biopsy in PSA between 4 and 10 and normal DRE, is one of the problems in this time. In this study we evaluated the prevalence of prostate cancer in males with PSA between 4 and 10 and normal DRE. We also evaluated the PSA density and percent of free PSA in patients with prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 121 males with PSA between 4 and 10 and normal DRE, were evaluated. Then, transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) andprostate biopsy from 12 points of peripheral zone, was done. These data were analyzed by Chi-square, t-test and ANOVA and Roc curve. RESULTS: In this study, the prevalence of prostate cancer in PSA between 4 and 10 and normal DRE, was evaluated, 29.8%. With use of Roc curve, PSA density cutoff point was calculated 0.12 and percent of free PSA cutoff point, was calculated, 18%. CONCLUSION: In males with PSA between 4 and 10 and normal DRE, PSA density smaller than 0.12-0.15, and percent of free PSA greater than 18%, the prevalence of prostate cancer is very few and we can safely ignore the TRUS and prostate biopsy in these males and eliminate its costs and side effects.
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BACKGROUND: To investigate the effect of polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer (Vantris) injection for the correction of VUR in children according to ureteral orifice shape and VUR grade. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty children (29 girls and 11 boys) with 61 renal refluxing units (RRU) and primary VUR underwent endoscopic correction of their reflux, using Vantris. Under general anesthesia, routine cystoscopy was performed and ureteral orifice configuration and dynamic hydro distention grade were determined. The injection technique was STING, HIT or a combination of them. Ultrasound scan was performed one and 3 months after injection and radionuclide cystography (RNC) was performed 3 months after the operation. RESULTS: The mean volume of injected Vantris was 0.62 cc. Reflux was corrected in 52 (85.2%) of the 61 RRU after single injection and this equates reflux correction in 37 of the 40 patients. No significant correlation was observed between ureteral orifice shape and VUR correction rate. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that there was no correlation between the ureteral orifice configuration and the success rate of endoscopic surgery for VUR in short term.
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BACKGROUND: Nephrolithiasis is a recurrent disease, and one of the most effective methods for prevention of stone recurrence is increasing the urine output (>2 L/day), but it is difficult to achieve it. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of behavioral intervention by measurement of urine specific gravity using dipstick on 24-h urine volume in first renal stone patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective randomize clinical study, 80 adult patients with history of first renal stone were included. Patients were divided into two groups with 40 patients in each group. We explained the importance of high fluid intake and high urine volume in the prevention of renal stones for all patients. Group A patients were trained to measure 24-h urine volume every 15 days, and group B patients were trained to keep urine specific gravity below 1.010 by using dipstick. We measured 24-h urine volume in each group before intervention, and at 3 months and 6 months after intervention and compared them. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups in 24-h urine volume before intervention (P = 0.41), but it was significant 3 months (P = 0.01) and 6 months (P = 0.01) after intervention. Patients' compliance was 20% in group A and 90% in group B (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The use of behavioral modification with dipstick is an effective method for control and maintenance of optimal urine volume, and it has resulted in more patient compliance for drinking water and is more effective for prevention of renal stone.