RESUMEN
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are one of the environment-friendly organisms that enhance plant performance. AMF affect the herbivorous insect community by indirectly modifying host plant nutrient uptake, growth, and defense, also known as priming. In the current study, under greenhouse conditions, the effects of inoculating tomato seedlings with four species of AMF, i.e., Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Rhizophagus irregularis, and Glomus iranicus, were studied in relation to tomato plant growth parameters, plant defense enzymes, and total phenol content, and additionally, the life table of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) feeding on these plants was determined. The results demonstrated that the growth parameters of tomato plants, including plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root volume, leaf surface area, weight of the root, and aerial organs (containing the leaves and stem), were greater and larger in the AMF-inoculated plants compared to the non-inoculated plants. Furthermore, there were higher defense enzyme activities, including peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and polyphenol oxidase, and also higher total phenol contents in the AMF-inoculated plants. The whitefly life table characteristics were decreased in the group feeding on the AMF-inoculated plants. All together, the AMF colonization made the tomato plants more resistant against B. tabaci by improving plant growth and increasing defense enzymes. The degree of priming observed here suggests the potential of AMF to have expansive applications, including their implementation in sustainable agriculture.
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Glomeromycota , Hemípteros , Micorrizas , Solanum lycopersicum , Animales , FenolesRESUMEN
On the basis of comments we received from readers, we made some changes in the original version of our article about our study and re-analyzed the data. In this corrected version, we found an inverse significant association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of depression in cohort studies (overall hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.94). In addition, combining 8 cross-sectional studies that examined the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and depression, we found a significant inverse association (overall odds ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.92).
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Depresión , Dieta Mediterránea , Humanos , Depresión/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Estudios de Cohortes , Oportunidad RelativaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Results from earlier publications on the association of coffee and caffeine and risk of ovarian cancer are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the link between coffee, caffeine, caffeinated coffee, and decaffeinated coffee consumption and risk of ovarian cancer. METHODS: We searched PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify relevant publications up to April 2018. All case-control studies that considered coffee, caffeine, caffeinated coffee, or decaffeinated coffee as the exposure variables and ovarian cancer as the main outcome variable or as one of the outcomes were included in the systematic review. Publications in which odds ratios (ORs) or rate or risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported, were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 22 case-control studies were included in the systematic review, and 20 studies in the meta-analysis. Overall, 40 140 participants, including 8568 patients with ovarian cancer, aged ≥ 17 years were included. Combining 21 effect sizes from 18 studies, no significant association was observed between total coffee intake and risk of ovarian cancer (OR=1.09; 95% CI 0.94 to 1.26). There was no significant association between total caffeine intake and ovarian cancer risk (OR=0.89; 95% CI 0.55 to 1.45). In addition, caffeinated coffee intake was not significantly associated with ovarian cancer (OR=1.05; 95% CI 0.87 to 1.28). However, combining effect sizes from five studies, we found an inverse significant association between decaffeinated coffee intake and risk of ovarian cancer (OR=0.72; 95% CI 0.58 to 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated an inverse association between decaffeinated coffee consumption and risk of ovarian cancer. No significant association was found between coffee, caffeine or caffeinated coffee intake and risk of ovarian cancer.
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Cafeína/administración & dosificación , Carcinoma Epitelial de Ovario/epidemiología , Café , Neoplasias Ováricas/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , RiesgoRESUMEN
CONTEXT: More than 300 million people worldwide have been diagnosed with depression, which is a leading cause of disability and disease burden. Elucidating dietary patterns that may reduce the risk of depression could help reduce the incidence of other diseases. DATA SOURCES: PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify relevant publications up to May 2018. STUDY SELECTION: All observational studies that considered the Mediterranean diet as the exposure variable and depression as the main outcome or as one of the outcome variables were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Two authors independently screened 3229 publications. A total of 14 observational studies were included in the meta-analysis. DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors independently extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. RESULTS: The studies in the meta-analysis included a total of 56â 043 participants. When 5 effect sizes from 4 cohort studies were combined, no significant association was observed between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of depression (overall hazard ratioâ =â 0.95; 95%CI, 0.79-1.16). When 3 effect sizes from 3 cohort studies that reported ß coefficients were combined, again no significant association was found (ßâ =â -0.00; 95%CI, -0.12, 0.12). However, when 9 effect sizes from 9 cross-sectional studies were combined, an inverse significant association was found between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of depression (overall odds ratioâ =â 0.72; 95%CI, 0.60-0.87). CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of cohort studies revealed no significant association was found between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of depression. However, an inverse significant association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and odds of depression in cross-sectional studies.
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Trastorno Depresivo/prevención & control , Dieta Mediterránea , Humanos , Estudios Observacionales como AsuntoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: No previous study has examined the associations between egg consumption and prevalence of psychological disorders. The present study was conducted to determine the association between egg consumption and depression in a large sample of Iranian adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 3172 adults in Isfahan, Iran. Egg consumption was assessed by using a validated, self-administered, dish-based, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The Iranian validated version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to screen for anxiety and depression. The Iranian validated version of General Health Questionnaire with 12 items was used to assess psychological distress. Depression, anxiety and psychological distress were defined according to standard criteria. RESULTS: The mean age of the study participants was 36.5 ± 7.9 years. Depression, anxiety and psychological distress were prevalent among 28.4, 13.6 and 23% of the study subjects, respectively. After controlling for potential confounders, no significant association was observed between egg intake and depression (OR for comparing extreme quartiles: 1.08; 95% CIs 0.80-1.45) and anxiety (OR 0.79; 95% CIs 0.54-1.16), as well as psychological distress (OR 1.03; 95% CIs 0.76-1.41) in the whole population. In men, significant positive associations were observed between egg intake and depression before controlling for BMI (OR 1.68; 95% CIs 1.01-2.80); however, the associations became non-significant after taking BMI into account (OR 1.62; 95% CIs 0.96-2.72). CONCLUSIONS: We found no significant association between egg intake and psychological disorders. Further studies, in particular of prospective design, are warranted.