RESUMEN
Many college students underuse professional psychological help for mental health difficulties. The stigma associated with seeking such help appears to be one of the reasons for this underuse. Levels of psychological distress and past use of counseling/psychotherapy have been found to be important correlates of stigma associated with seeking psychological help (Obasi & Leong, 2009; Vogel, Wade, & Haake, 2006). For racial and ethnic minorities, the hindering effects of self-stigma and perceived stigmatization by others on treatment seeking may further be compounded by their relationships with their own ethnic groups, with other ethnic groups, and with the dominant society. This study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test a model that explored the effects of psychological distress and psychocultural variables (i.e., ethnic identity, other-group orientation, perceived discrimination) on perceived stigmatization by others and self-stigma for seeking psychological help, controlling for past use of counseling/psychotherapy. The sample consisted of 260 African American, 166 Asian American, and 183 Latino American students. SEM multigroup analyses indicated measurement invariance, but partial structural invariance, across racial/ethnic groups. Across all 3 groups, higher levels of psychological distress and perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, respectively, predicted higher levels of perceived stigmatization by others for seeking psychological help, which, in turn, predicted greater self-stigma for seeking psychological help. Higher levels of other-group orientation predicted lower levels of self-stigma of seeking psychological help across groups. Higher levels of ethnic identity predicted lower levels of self-stigma of seeking psychological help only for African Americans. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Etnicidad/psicología , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Grupos Minoritarios/psicología , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/psicología , Estigma Social , Estudiantes/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Consejo/métodos , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Grupos Minoritarios/estadística & datos numéricos , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Psicoterapia/métodos , Grupos Raciales/psicología , Grupos Raciales/estadística & datos numéricos , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Estrés Psicológico/terapia , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Few instruments have been designed specifically to address the needs of college counseling centers. This article reviews existing instruments and presents 4 studies that describe the development and psychometric properties of a new instrument, the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms-62 (CCAPS-62). Study 1 describes the initial item development, factor analysis, and preliminary scale development steps. Study 2 describes the results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses using data from more than 22,000 clients pooled via a national practice-research network of counseling centers. Studies 3 and 4 provide preliminary evidence of subscales' convergent validity and retest reliability. Results from these 4 studies provide support for the instrument's factor structure, construct validity, and subscale reliabilities for both the total sample and subgroups. Clinical and methodological issues pertaining to the future development of the CCAPS are discussed in the context of a national practice-research network of college counseling centers.
Asunto(s)
Consejo , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Determinación de la Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Servicios de Salud para Estudiantes , Estudiantes/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Inventario de Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Psicometría/estadística & datos numéricos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Archival data (N = 1,048 women, 1,136 men) from a mental health survey of college students were used to investigate incidence of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), including cutting. Significant levels (defined as 4-5 lifetime incidents) were found in 9.3% of women and 5.3% of men. The Counseling Center Assessment for Psychological Symptoms (a global symptom inventory) and an assessment of trauma had been field tested with this sample. We randomly partitioned half of these data into a holdout sample and used the remainder to develop an NSSI screening inventory that included (a) 5 women's screening items, including 1 item to assess trauma experienced; (b) 11 men's screening items; and (c) 12 items common to men and women, including depression, dissociation, anger, unwanted thoughts, nightmares or flashbacks, and having witnessed trauma. Logistic regression and receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis suggested the inventory significantly discriminated NSSI men and women in the holdout sample, p < .001. Cutoff scores were identified to correctly classify about 48% of the true positive male and female NSSI cases, with false positive rates of 13.2% and 8.4% for women and men, respectively.
Asunto(s)
Tamizaje Masivo , Inventario de Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Conducta Autodestructiva/psicología , Estudiantes/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Afecto , Consejo , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Incidencia , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/psicología , Factores de Riesgo , Conducta Autodestructiva/epidemiología , Servicios de Salud para Estudiantes , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Fukuyama and Sevig are counseling psychologists who have a particular interest in the integration of spirituality into multicultural counseling and training. In this article the authors address the complexity of integrating religious and cultural diversity and spirituality into chaplaincy care in the context of an increasingly diverse society. By posing a series of questions, the authors systematically clarify definitions and meanings of culture, spirituality, cultural diversity and multiculturalism, multicultural and spiritual competencies in counseling, and ethical considerations. The authors discuss clinical applications in the context of a "spirituality and health movement," and provide suggestions for continuing professional development. The authors support the notion that multicultural engagement is spiritually synergistic, and encourage health care providers to communicate across professional disciplines to broaden and enrich discourse on these topics.