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Aging is generally associated with a decline in important cognitive functions that can be observed in EEG. Physical activity in older adults should be considered one of the main strategies to promote health and prevent disease in the elderly. The present study aimed to systematically review studies of EEG activity and cognitive function changes associated with physical activity in older adults. Records from PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO databases were searched and, following the PRISMA guidelines, nine studies were included in the present systematic review. A risk of bias assessment was performed using the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Case-control Studies instrument. The studies analyzed used two main strategies to determine the effects of physical activity on cognition and EEG: (1) multiscale entropy and power frequencies; and (2) event-related potentials. In terms of EEG activity, it can be concluded that exercise-induced neuroplasticity underlies improvements in cognitive function in healthy older adults.
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Alzheimer's disease is associated with protein aggregation, oxidative stress, and the role of acetylcholinesterase in the pathology of the disease. Previous investigations have demonstrated that geniposide and harpagoside protect the brain neurons, and cerium nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) have potent redox and antioxidant properties. Thus, the effect of nanoparticles of Ce NPs and geniposide and harpagoside (GH/CeO2 NPs) on ameliorating AD pathogenesis was established on AlCl3-induced AD in mice and an aggregation proteins test in vitro. Findings of spectroscopy analysis have revealed that GH/CeO2 NPs are highly stable, nano-size, spherical in shape, amorphous nature, and a total encapsulation of GH in cerium. Treatments with CeO2 NPs, GH/CeO2 NPs, and donepezil used as positive control inhibit fibril formation and protein aggregation, protect structural modifications in the BSA-ribose system, have the ability to counteract Tau protein aggregation and amyloid-ß1-42 aggregation under fibrillation condition, and are able to inhibit AChE and BuChE. While the GH/CeO2 NPs, treatment in AD induced by AlCl3 inhibited amyloid-ß1-42, substantially enhanced the memory, the cognition coordination of movement in part AD pathogenesis may be alleviated through reducing amyloidogenic pathway and AChE and BuChE activities. The findings of this work provide important comprehension of the chemoprotective activities of iridoids combined with nanoparticles. This could be useful in the development of new therapeutic methods for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Acetilcolinesterasa , Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Cerio , Iridoides , Fármacos Neuroprotectores , Cerio/química , Cerio/farmacología , Iridoides/farmacología , Iridoides/química , Animales , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/química , Ratones , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Acetilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Masculino , Nanopartículas/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
The CB2 cannabinoid receptor has been found in brain areas that are part of the reward system and has been shown to play a role in food intake regulation. Herein, we conducted a systematic review of studies assessing the role of the CB2 receptor in food intake regulation. Records from the PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO databases were screened, resulting in 13 studies that were used in the present systematic review, following the PRISMA guidelines. A risk of bias assessment was carried out using the tool of the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE). The studies analyzed used two main strategies: (1) the intraperitoneal or intracerebroventricular administration of a CB2 agonist/antagonist; and (2) depletion of CB2 receptors via knockout in mice. Both strategies are useful in identifying the role of the CB2 receptor in food intake in standard and palatable diets. The conclusions derived from animal models showed that CB2 receptors are necessary for modulating food intake and mediating energy balance.
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Cannabinoides , Receptor Cannabinoide CB2 , Animales , Ratones , Encéfalo , Cannabinoides/metabolismo , Cannabinoides/farmacología , Dieta , Ingestión de Alimentos , Receptor Cannabinoide CB1 , Receptor Cannabinoide CB2/efectos de los fármacos , Receptor Cannabinoide CB2/metabolismoRESUMEN
Eighty-five percent of the studies of patients with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) treated with Levothyroxine (L-T4) report neuropsychological sequelae throughout life. In neonates and infants, there is a deficit in sensorimotor skills (impaired balance). In preschool and elementary school children and adolescents, there are alterations in intellectual quotient (low scores), language (delayed phonological acquisition), memory (visual, verbal, visuospatial, visuoconstructive, autobiographical, and semantic), sensorimotor skills (impaired fine and gross motor control), and visuoconstructive-visuospatial domain (low scores in spatial location, block design, and object assembly). These neuropsychological domains are also affected in young adults, except for language (adequate verbal fluency) and visuoconstructive-visuospatial domain (no data). The onset and severity of neuropsychological sequelae in patients with treated CH depend on several factors: extrinsic, related to L-T4 treatment and social aspects, and intrinsic, such as severity and etiology of CH, as well as structural and physiological changes in the brain. In this review, we hypothesized that thyroid hormone hyposensitivity (THH) could also contribute to neuropsychological alterations by reducing the effectiveness of L-T4 treatment in the brain. Thus, further research could approach the THH hypothesis at basic and clinical levels to implement new endocrinological and neuropsychological therapies for CH patients.
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Resumen El síndrome de obstrucción congénita de vías áreas superiores (CHAOS) es una condición que se caracteriza por la existencia de una obstrucción en las vías áreas altas en el feto, la cual puede ser parcial o completa. Comúnmente es una situación incompatible con la vida, por lo que su diagnóstico prenatal es importante considerando el pronóstico y los diferentes manejos prenatales y posnatales que existen. Presentamos un caso de CHAOS diagnosticado en la semana 21, con una breve revisión de la literatura sobre su diagnóstico, pronóstico y alternativas terapéuticas.
Abstract Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) is a condition characterized by the existence of an obstruction of the fetal upper airways, which may be partial or complete. It is commonly incompatible with life, so its prenatal diagnosis is important due to the prognosis and the recently described pre and postnatal management options. We present a case of CHAOS in a pregnancy of 21 weeks with a brief review of the current literature about its diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic alternatives.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Embarazo , Adulto , Obstrucción de las Vías Aéreas/congénito , Obstrucción de las Vías Aéreas/diagnóstico , Laringe/anomalías , Síndrome , Ultrasonografía Prenatal , Muerte PerinatalRESUMEN
The generation of new neurons in the adult brain is a currently accepted phenomenon. Over the past few decades, the subventricular zone and the hippocampal dentate gyrus have been described as the two main neurogenic niches. Neurogenic niches generate new neurons through an asymmetric division process involving several developmental steps. This process occurs throughout life in several species, including humans. These new neurons possess unique properties that contribute to the local circuitry. Despite several efforts, no other neurogenic zones have been observed in many years; the lack of observation is probably due to technical issues. However, in recent years, more brain niches have been described, once again breaking the current paradigms. Currently, a debate in the scientific community about new neurogenic areas of the brain, namely, human adult neurogenesis, is ongoing. Thus, several open questions regarding new neurogenic niches, as well as this phenomenon in adult humans, their functional relevance, and their mechanisms, remain to be answered. In this review, we discuss the literature and provide a compressive overview of the known neurogenic zones, traditional zones, and newly described zones. Additionally, we will review the regulatory roles of some molecular mechanisms, such as miRNAs, neurotrophic factors, and neurotrophins. We also join the debate on human adult neurogenesis, and we will identify similarities and differences in the literature and summarize the knowledge regarding these interesting topics.
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Giro Dentado/citología , Ventrículos Laterales/citología , Neurogénesis/fisiología , Neuronas/citología , Estriado Ventral/citología , Adulto , Animales , Hipocampo/citología , Humanos , Ratones , MicroARNs/genética , Células-Madre Neurales/citología , Neurogénesis/genética , RatasRESUMEN
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a crucial modulatory system in which interest has been increasing, particularly regarding the regulation of behavior and neuroplasticity. The adolescent-young adulthood phase of development comprises a critical period in the maturation of the nervous system and the ECS. Neurogenesis occurs in discrete regions of the adult brain, and this process is linked to the modulation of some behaviors. Since marijuana (cannabis) is the most consumed illegal drug globally and the highest consumption rate is observed during adolescence, it is of particular importance to understand the effects of ECS modulation in these early stages of adulthood. Thus, in this article, we sought to summarize recent evidence demonstrating the role of the ECS and exogenous cannabinoid consumption in the adolescent-young adulthood period; elucidate the effects of exogenous cannabinoid consumption on adult neurogenesis; and describe some essential and adaptive behaviors, such as stress, anxiety, learning, and memory. The data summarized in this work highlight the relevance of maintaining balance in the endocannabinoid modulatory system in the early and adult stages of life. Any ECS disturbance may induce significant modifications in the genesis of new neurons and may consequently modify behavioral outcomes.
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Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Cannabinoides/farmacología , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/fisiopatología , Neurogénesis , Conducta Social , Estrés Psicológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Humanos , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/inducido químicamente , Receptores de Cannabinoides/metabolismo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Zuska's disease describes the clinical condition of recurrent central or periareolar nonpuerperal abscesses associated with lactiferous fistulas. Pathogenesis involves the occlusion of an abnormal duct through an epithelial desquamation process that causes ductal dilatation, stasis of secretions, and periductal inflammation. Patients with Zuska's disease may develop chronic draining sinuses near the areola from lactiferous ducts fistula; therefore, the underlying abnormal duct system must be located and excised for proper treatment. Zuska's disease is often misdiagnosed and mistreated and is associated with significant morbidity, including the recurrence of abscess and cutaneous fistula formation. This case series aimed to help clinicians investigate and manage this disorder. The clinical and imaging findings, histopathologic correlation, and treatment of Zuska's disease are discussed.
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INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis of esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients is made by the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Multiple non-invasive predictors have been studied for the diag-nosis of esophageal varices. The objective of this study is to testthe FIB4 index as screening of esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional analytic study was developed in four national hospital using hepatic cirrhosis patient's medi-cal files. We assessed the information using univariate and bivariate analysis, sensitivity, speci-ficity, predictive positive and negative value, the positive and negative likelihood ratio calcu-lation of the esophageal varices screening and its size. We built ROC curve for every analysis group. RESULTS: The study included 289 liver cirrhosis patients. Most of the patients were male (54.33%). 77.85% patients had esophageal varices. The distribution of varices was 19.03%, 35.99% and 22.84% for large, medium and small varices, respectively. In the FIB-4 index analysis for the presence of varices, it was found a sensitivity of 81.3%, specificity of 37.5% (AUC: 0.57). The calculation for variceal size showed a sensitivity of 81.8%, specificity of 23.9% (AUC: 0.50). In the analysis of FIB-4 index for prophylaxis groups was found a sensitivity of 81.8% and a specificity of 28.5% (AUC: 0.54). CONCLUSIONS: The FIB-4 index has no good performance in the screening for the presence of esophageal varices and its size in liver cirrhosis patients.
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Reglas de Decisión Clínica , Várices Esofágicas y Gástricas/diagnóstico , Cirrosis Hepática/complicaciones , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Endoscopía del Sistema Digestivo , Várices Esofágicas y Gástricas/sangre , Várices Esofágicas y Gástricas/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Curva ROC , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes chronic atrophic gastritis and peptic ulcers and it has been associated with the development of gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). One of the more remarkable characteristics of H. pylori is its ability to survive in the hostile environment of the stomach. H. pylori regulates the expression of specific sets of genes allowing it to survive high acidity levels and nutrient scarcity. In the present study, we determined the expression of virulence associated protein D (VapD) of H. pylori inside adenocarcinoma gastric (AGS) cells and in gastric biopsies. Using qRT-PCR, VapD expression was quantified in intracellular H. pylori-AGS cell cultures at different time points and in gastric mucosa biopsies from patients suffering from chronic atrophic gastritis, follicular gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastritis precancerous intestinal metaplasia and adenocarcinoma. Our results show that vapD of H. pylori presented high transcription levels inside AGS cells, which increased up to two-fold above basal values across all assays over time. Inside AGS cells, H. pylori acquired a coccoid form that is metabolically active in expressing VapD as a protection mechanism, thereby maintaining its permanence in a viable non-cultivable state. VapD of H. pylori was expressed in all gastric biopsies, however, higher expression levels (p = 0.029) were observed in gastric antrum biopsies from patients with follicular gastritis. The highest VapD expression levels were found in both antrum and corpus gastric biopsies from older patients (>57 years old). We observed that VapD in H. pylori is a protein that is only produced in response to interactions with eukaryotic cells. Our results suggest that VapD contributes to the persistence of H. pylori inside the gastric epithelial cells, protecting the microorganism from the intracellular environment, reducing its growth rate, enabling long-term infection and treatment resistance.
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Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Gastritis Atrófica/etiología , Helicobacter pylori/genética , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Estómago/microbiología , Estómago/patología , Adenocarcinoma/etiología , Adenocarcinoma/microbiología , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biopsia , Técnicas de Cocultivo/métodos , Femenino , Mucosa Gástrica/microbiología , Mucosa Gástrica/patología , Gastritis Atrófica/microbiología , Gastritis Atrófica/patología , Gastroscopía/métodos , Infecciones por Helicobacter/complicaciones , Infecciones por Helicobacter/patología , Humanos , Intestinos/microbiología , Intestinos/patología , Masculino , Metaplasia/microbiología , Metaplasia/patología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Úlcera Péptica/metabolismo , Úlcera Péptica/patología , Lesiones Precancerosas/etiología , Lesiones Precancerosas/microbiología , Lesiones Precancerosas/patología , Antro Pilórico/microbiología , Antro Pilórico/patología , Neoplasias Gástricas/etiología , Neoplasias Gástricas/microbiología , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Virulencia/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
RESUMEN Introducción: El diagnóstico de várices esofágicas en pacientes cirróticos se realiza mediante la endoscopía digestiva alta. Se han estudiado predictores no invasivos para el diagnóstico de estas. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el desempeño del índice FIB-4 en el despistaje de várices esofágicas en pacientes con diagnóstico de cirrosis hepática. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en cuatro hospitales nacionales utilizando historias clínicas de pacientes cirróticos. Se realizó el análisis univariado y bivariado, cálculo de sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo, razón de verosimilitud positiva y negativa del índice FIB-4 para el despistaje de várices esofágicas, tamaño de estas y profilaxis. Se construyeron curvas ROC para cada grupo de análisis. Resultados: Se incluyó 289 pacientes con diagnóstico de cirrosis hepática, la mayor parte fueron de sexo masculino (54,33%). 77,85% presentaron várices esofágicas. La distribución del tamaño de várices fue de 19,03%, 35,99% y 22,84% para várices grandes, medianas y pequeñas, respectivamente. En el análisis del índice FIB-4 con la presencia de várices se encontró una sensibilidad de 81,3% y una especificidad de 37,5% (AUC: 0,57). Para el tamaño de várices se encontró una sensibilidad 81,8% y una especificidad de 23,9% (AUC: 0,50). En el análisis de FIB-4 para grupos de profilaxis se encontró una sensibilidad de 81,8% y una especificidad de 28,5% (AUC: 0,54). Conclusiones: El índice FIB-4 no tiene un buen desempeño en el despistaje de la presencia várices esofágicas y su tamaño en pacientes con diagnóstico de cirrosis hepática.
ABSTRACT Introduction: The diagnosis of esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients is made by the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Multiple non-invasive predictors have been studied for the diag-nosis of esophageal varices. The objective of this study is to testthe FIB4 index as screening of esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional analytic study was developed in four national hospital using hepatic cirrhosis patient's medi-cal files. We assessed the information using univariate and bivariate analysis, sensitivity, speci-ficity, predictive positive and negative value, the positive and negative likelihood ratio calcu-lation of the esophageal varices screening and its size. We built ROC curve for every analysis group. Results: The study included 289 liver cirrhosis patients. Most of the patients were male (54.33%). 77.85% patients had esophageal varices. The distribution of varices was 19.03%, 35.99% and 22.84% for large, medium and small varices, respectively. In the FIB-4 index analysis for the presence of varices, it was found a sensitivity of 81.3%, specificity of 37.5% (AUC: 0.57). The calculation for variceal size showed a sensitivity of 81.8%, specificity of 23.9% (AUC: 0.50). In the analysis of FIB-4 index for prophylaxis groups was found a sensitivity of 81.8% and a specificity of 28.5% (AUC: 0.54). Conclusions: The FIB-4 index has no good performance in the screening for the presence of esophageal varices and its size in liver cirrhosis patients.
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Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Várices Esofágicas y Gástricas/diagnóstico , Reglas de Decisión Clínica , Cirrosis Hepática/complicaciones , Biomarcadores/sangre , Várices Esofágicas y Gástricas/sangre , Várices Esofágicas y Gástricas/etiología , Estudios Transversales , Estudios Retrospectivos , Curva ROC , Endoscopía del Sistema Digestivo , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Nevus of Ota and nevus of Ito are hyperpigmentary dermal melanocytoses which develop as a consequence of disturbances or failures during migration of melanocytes from the neural crest towards the epidermis; they have a relatively unknown aetiopathogenesis and may be congenital or acquired. CASE REPORT: This case involves a male patient with a simultaneous diagnosis of nevus of Ota and nevus of Ito at birth. He attended the Neurosurgery department at Carlos Andrade Marín hospital (Quito) with sudden severe headache associated with left brachio-crural hemiparesis. PROGRESS: Investigations revealed two extra-axial space-occupying lesions, one parasagittal at the right frontal and parietal lobes and the other located at the right temporal lobe pole. A surgical resection was planned for the parasagittal lesion and the histopathological diagnosis was meningeal melanocytosis. The temporal pole lesion was referred for treatment with Gamma Knife®. CONCLUSION: Primary melanocytic neoplasms are extremely rare. There is evidence of their association with dermal melanocytosis and, in particular, with nevus of Ota. This highly unusual case describes the coexistence of two very rare dermal melanocytoses (nevus of Ota and nevus of Ito) and a primary melanocytic neoplasms in the same patient.
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Neoplasias Meníngeas , Nevo de Ota , Neoplasias Cutáneas , Humanos , Masculino , Melanocitos , Neoplasias Meníngeas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Meníngeas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Meníngeas/cirugía , Nevo de Ota/complicaciones , Neoplasias Cutáneas/complicaciones , Lóbulo TemporalRESUMEN
Objetivos: Determinar la utilización de Gentamicina y Amoxicilina tableta en el Centro de Atenciones de Emergencias (CAE-SAN MARTIN) del FOSALUD durante el año 2018. Diseño: Estudio de Descriptivo Retrospectivo, el estudio se realizó el Centro de Atención de Emergencias CAE- San Martin perteneciente a la institución Fondo Solidario para la Salud (FOSALUD). Se comparó el diagnostico con la cantidad prescrita para determinar si había cumplimiento de normativa. Resultados: Para el caso de usuarios de Amoxicilina la mayor procedencia corresponde al municipio de San Martin con un 75%, seguido de San Pedro Perulapán con un 16.25 %. La distribución por sexo está distribuida de forma homogénea entre ambos sexos. La gentamicina se utilizó en mayor porcentaje en mujeres. La principal causa de consulta para amoxicilina tableta fue faringitis aguda, no especificada, y para el caso de gentamicina fue infección de vías urinarias, sitio no especificado. Conclusiones: Para el caso de la Amoxicilina se concluye que entre las primeras diez causas de consulta no se observa que se exceda de la cantidad máxima (30) a prescribir, por lo que cumple con los lineamientos en cuanto a cantidades a prescribir. Para el caso de la Gentamicina se concluye que en la totalidad de los diagnósticos en los cuales se prescribió no se observa que se exceda de la cantidad máxima a prescribir (14)
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Humanos , Femenino , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Epidemiología , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Findings of several experiments indicate that many treatments that typically interfere with memory consolidation are ineffective in preventing or attenuating memory induced by intense training. As extensive evidence suggests that the consolidation of newly acquired memories requires gene expression and de novo protein synthesis the present study investigated whether intense training prevents consolidation impairment induced by blockers of mRNA and protein synthesis. Rats were given a single inhibitory training trial using a moderate (1.0â¯mA) or a relatively intense (2.0â¯mA) foot-shock. Bilateral hippocampal infusions of the mRNA synthesis blocker DRB (10, 40 or 80â¯ng/0.5⯵L/hemisphere) or the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin (ANI), an inhibitor de novo protein synthesis (15.62, 31.25, or 62.50⯵g/0.5⯵L/hemisphere) were administered 15â¯min prior to training. Retention was measured at 30â¯min or 48â¯h following training. DRB and ANI impaired memory of moderate training in a dose-dependent manner without affecting short-term memory. In contrast, memory consolidation was not impaired in the groups trained with 2.0â¯mA. The findings showed that: (1) inhibitors of transcription and translation in the hippocampus impair the consolidation of memory of inhibitory avoidance learning induced by moderate levels of aversive stimulation and (2) blocking of mRNA and protein synthesis does not prevent the consolidation of memory induced by relatively high levels of aversive stimulation. These findings do not support the hypothesis that gene expression and de novo protein synthesis are necessary steps for long-term memory formation as memory was not impaired if intense foot-shock was used in training.
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Reacción de Prevención/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Consolidación de la Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Biosíntesis de Proteínas/efectos de los fármacos , Transcripción Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Anisomicina/farmacología , Reacción de Prevención/fisiología , Diclororribofuranosil Benzoimidazol/farmacología , Electrochoque , Hipocampo/fisiología , Masculino , Consolidación de la Memoria/fisiología , Inhibidores de la Síntesis del Ácido Nucleico/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Síntesis de la Proteína/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Understanding the functional effect of Single Amino acid Substitutions (SAS), derived from the occurrence of single nucleotide variants (SNVs), and their relation to disease development is a major issue in clinical genomics. Despite the existence of several bioinformatic algorithms and servers that predict if a SAS is pathogenic or not, they give little or no information at all on the reasons for pathogenicity prediction and on the actual predicted effect of the SAS on the protein function. Moreover, few actual methods take into account structural information when available for automated analysis. Moreover, many of these algorithms are able to predict an effect that no necessarily translates directly into pathogenicity. VarQ is a bioinformatic pipeline that incorporates structural information for the detailed analysis and prediction of SAS effect on protein function. It is an online tool which uses UniProt id and automatically analyzes known and user provided SAS for their effect on protein activity, folding, aggregation and protein interactions, among others. We show that structural information, when available, can improve the SAS pathogenicity diagnosis and more important explain its causes. We show that VarQ is able to correctly reproduce previous analysis of RASopathies related mutations, saving extensive and time consuming manual curation. VarQ assessment was performed over a set of previously manually curated RASopathies (diseases that affects the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway) related variants, showing its ability to correctly predict the phenotypic outcome and its underlying cause. This resource is available online at http://varq.qb.fcen.uba.ar/. Supporting Information & Tutorials may be found in the webpage of the tool.
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Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 (Sp7) is a diazotrophic, free-living plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) that is increasingly used for its ability to reduce stress and improve nutrient uptake by plants. To test the hypothesis that Sp7 interacts differently with the primary metabolism in C3 and C4 plants, differential proteomics were employed to study weekly protein expression in Sp7-treated maize (Zea mays cv. B73) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Boludo) seedlings. Plant and root growth parameters were also monitored. Protein changes were most striking at the four-leaf stage (T1) for both species. Proteins related to metabolism and redox homeostasis were most abundant in tomato at T1, but later, plants experienced inhibited Calvin-Benson (CB) cycle and chloroplast development, indicating that photosynthetic proteins were damaged by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In maize, Sp7 first increased ROS-scavenging enzymes and decreased those related to metabolism, which ultimately reduced photoinhibition at later sampling times. Overall, the early interaction with maize is more complex and beneficial because the photosynthetic aparatus is protected by the C4 mechanism, thereby improving the interaction of the PGPR with maize. Better seedling emergence and vigor were observed in inoculated maize compared to tomato. This study provides an integrated perspective on the Sp7 strain-specific interactions with young C3 and C4 plants to modulate primary metabolism and photosynthesis.