RESUMEN
Due to the increasing shortage of food protein in the world, the most effective and complete use of proteinaceous substrates is an urgent task. The most promising way to utilize secondary protein-containing raw materials is to increase its nutritional value through enzymatic hydrolysis. The use of protein hydrolysates obtained from protein-containing by-products has great potential in various areas of the food industry, as well as in the production of foods for medical and special dietary uses. The aim of the research was to propose optimal methods for processing protein substrates to obtain hydrolysates with desired properties, taking into account the characteristics of the main types of proteinaceous by-products and the specificity of proteases used. Material and methods. We used the data contained in PubMed, WoS, Scopus, and eLIBRARY.RU databases, which meet the requirements of scientific reliability and completeness. Results. Collagen-containing wastes from the meat, poultry and fish processing industries, whey, soy protein and gluten are the main types of protein-containing by-products successfully used to produce food and functional hydrolysates. The molecular structure, basic biological and physico-chemical properties of collagen, whey proteins, various protein fractions of wheat gluten and soy protein are described. The expediency of enzymatic treatment of protein-containing by-products using proteases is shown to reduce antigenicity and eliminate anti-nutritional properties, improve nutritional, functional, organoleptic and bioactive properties for subsequent use in food production, including those for medical and special dietary uses. Information is presented on the classification of proteolytic enzymes, their main properties, and the effectiveness of their use in the processing of various types of proteinaceous by-products. Conclusion. Based on the literature data analysis, the most promising methods for obtaining food protein hydrolysates from secondary protein-containing raw materials are proposed, including pretreatment of substrates and the selection of proteolytic enzymes with a certain specificity.
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Péptido Hidrolasas , Hidrolisados de Proteína , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Proteínas de Soja , Glútenes , CarneRESUMEN
The article presents the age-sex structure of people who have suffered severe traumatic brain injury on the example of a municipal medical organization providing medical care and medical rehabilitation in outpatient settings. The high prevalence of this type of injury among males of working age has been established. The duration of temporary disability and the timing of referral of this category of people for medical and social examination are reflected. There is a high level of disability among people who have suffered severe traumatic brain injury, and in most cases they are assigned more severe first and second disability groups. The article reflects the personnel problems of a municipal medical organization providing outpatient medical care in the formation of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team, which require their resolution at the regional level.
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Lesiones Traumáticas del Encéfalo , Lesiones Encefálicas , Personas con Discapacidad , Masculino , Humanos , Lesiones Encefálicas/rehabilitación , Lesiones Traumáticas del Encéfalo/epidemiología , Lesiones Traumáticas del Encéfalo/rehabilitación , Derivación y ConsultaRESUMEN
Whey and hen egg white proteins are characterized by high nutritional value, but possess antigenic properties, which limit their use in the production of dietary products. Enzymatic hydrolysis decreases significantly the allergenicity of proteins. The efficiency of hydrolysis depends on the specificity of the proteases used. The aim of this work was to determine the effectiveness of EP-96 enzyme preparation obtained from Bacillus subtilis-96 culture liquid in the hydrolysis of whey and egg white proteins in comparison with commercial bacterial proteases preparations - Alcalase, Neutrase, and Protosubtilin. Material and methods. Whey and egg white protein concentrates were used as substrates. Commercial enzyme preparations Alcalase, Neutrase, and Protosubtilin, and an experimental sample of EP-96 preparation obtained from Bacillus subtilis-96 culture liquid were used for hydrolysis. Hydrolysis was carried out at a substrate concentration of 100 g/L for 3 h at 55 °C or for 24 h at 50 °C. After hydrolysis, the reaction mixture was incubated at 90 °C for 15 min to inactivate the enzymes. The content of peptides with a molecular weight of less than 10 kDa was determined in the obtained hydrolysates. The hydrolysis of the main allergenic proteins was assessed by the disappearance of the corresponding protein bands on the hydrolysate supernatants electrophoregrams. Results and discussion. All the studied preparations showed high efficiency in the hydrolysis of whey proteins and provided the yield of low molecular weight peptides at the level of 18.8-22.8% after 3 h of hydrolysis and 39.4-41.6% after 24 h. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a residual amount of protein with a molecular weight of about 14 kDa, corresponding to α-lactoalbumin, after 3 h of hydrolysis when using Neutrase. The preparations containing serine protease, including EP-96, provided more intensive hydrolysis of whey proteins. In the hydrolysis of egg white protein, Neutrase showed the greatest efficiency. The efficiency of EP-96 was comparable to Neutrase both in the yield of low molecular weight peptides and in the intensity of cleavage of the main allergenic proteins. The effectiveness of preparations with predominant content of serine proteases - Alcalase and Protosubtilin was significantly lower. Conclusion. The optimal ratio of neutral and serine proteases in the EP-96, obtained on the basis of the B. subtilis-96 strain, provided the high efficiency and its versatility in the hydrolysis of the main allergenic proteins of whey and egg white. The parameters of the hydrolysis technology using EP-96 are recommended, which provide intensive conversion of the main immunogenic proteins of whey and egg white to soluble and low molecular weight fractions (duration 3 h at a temperature of 55 °C and the proteolytic activity of the preparation is not less than 2 units per g of substrate) and an increase of subsequent ultrafiltration efficiency in the production of protein hydrolysates for foods for special dietary uses.
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Bacillus subtilis , Suero Lácteo , Bacillus subtilis/metabolismo , Proteínas del Huevo/análisis , Hidrólisis , Péptidos/análisis , Péptidos/química , Hidrolisados de Proteína/análisis , Subtilisinas/análisis , Subtilisinas/metabolismo , Suero Lácteo/química , Suero Lácteo/metabolismo , Proteína de Suero de Leche/análisisRESUMEN
The article analyzes the dynamics of the main indicators of disability among people older than working age in the Rostov region. The trend decline in surveys of persons in this age group, including reducing the number of first and repeatedly recognized as disabled, on the background of growth in the region's population share of persons above working age. At the same time, there was an increase in accumulated disability.
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Personas con Discapacidad , Anciano , Humanos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
The article reflects the age and gender structure of the contingent of elderly people living in a General boarding house. The most common diseases in this category of persons, the presence of a disability group and individual programs for rehabilitation (habilitation) of the disabled person were established. The need for medical care, including medicines, was studied. There is a need to improve measures for medical and social rehabilitation, including in improving the employment of this contingent of people and the development of their leisure time. Examples of positive experience in this area among other regions of the Russian Federation are given.
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Personas con Discapacidad , Anciano , Empleo , Humanos , Federación de Rusia , Instituciones AcadémicasRESUMEN
A recombinant strain producing a complex of extracellular enzymes including chitinase from Myceliophtora thermophila was created based on the fungus Penicillium verruculosum. The activity of the enzyme preparations obtained from the cultural fluid of the producer strain was 0.55, 0.53, and 0.66 U/mg protein with chitin and chitosans with the molecular weight of 200 and 1000 kDa, respectively. The temperature optimum for the recombinant chitinase was 52-65°C; the pH optimum was 4.5-6.2, which corresponded to the published data for this class of the enzymes. The content of heterologous chitinase in the obtained enzyme preparations was 47% of total protein content in the cultural fluid. Enzyme preparations produced by the recombinant P. verruculosum XT403 strain and containing heterologous chitinase were able to degrade the mycelium of micromycetes, including phytopathogenic ones, and were very efficient in the bioconversion of microbiological industry waste.
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Pared Celular/metabolismo , Quitina/metabolismo , Quitinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Sordariales/enzimología , Quitinasas/genética , Quitinasas/aislamiento & purificación , Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/aislamiento & purificación , Sordariales/genética , Sordariales/metabolismoRESUMEN
The present review of the literature publications concerns the problem of sudden death (SD) among the young persons under effect of the different forms of physical loads. The statistical data on the frequency of sudden death are presented together with information about risk factors of SD, the morphological substrates and structural changes that promote death coming. The cases of sudden death among the young persons associated with the amateur sports activities and the professional sport of records are presented. The role of physical exercises and psycho-emotional stresses in the development of the terminal processes is considered with special reference to the risk factors and genetic predisposition to sudden cardiac death, largely among male athletes. The questions of sudden death in connection with cardiac pathologies as its main causes are discussed.
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Atletas , Muerte Súbita Cardíaca/etiología , Deportes , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Corazón , Humanos , Masculino , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
The study presents the results of a complex histomorphometric research of the features of the age-related dynamics of bone tissue. As a study material we used samples of the distal epiphysis and diaphysis of the left tibia from 348 corpses of males with a known age from 0 to 90 years. A group of microosteometric features, that have the strongest correlation with age, is established in different age groups; their quantitative characteristics are given. It is clarified that the trends of age-related changes in the structural components of bone tissue correspond to the basic patterns of growth, remodeling, depend on the species and their localization. Conceptual positions of age involution of bone tissue are proposed.
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Envejecimiento/patología , Huesos/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Cadáver , Niño , Preescolar , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tibia/patología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This article is devoted to the development and evaluation of the immunoblotting test system for serological diagnosis of African swine fever (ASF), based on the highly purified recombinant p30 of ASF virus (ASFV) strain Stavropol 01/08 (Stavropol 2008), representative of the ASFV currently circulating in the Russian Federation. The main project stages are as follows: (i) cloning of the central hydrophilic region of the ASFV gene CP204L (p30) into a prokaryotic vector; (ii) expression and chromatographic purification of the recombinant product p30 with thioredoxin and poly-histidine site (p30e1_TrxA_6xHis); (iii) development of the immunoblotting test system (Rec p30-IB) using the highly purified recombinant p30; and (iv) evaluation of Rec p30-IB using sera and organ samples from domestic pigs and wild boars experimentally or naturally infected by ASFV. Testing of the Rec p30-IB showed the diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of the assay to be 98.75% and 100.00%, respectively. High sensitivity of the Rec p30-IB allowed the detection of ASFV-specific antibodies in samples of organs of the immune system and blood sera, collected from domestic pigs and wild boars, starting from 6 to 8 days post-infection, regardless of virus virulence, seroimmunotype and geographic origin of the samples (East Europe, South Europe, West Europe, Central and south-east Africa).
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Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana/aislamiento & purificación , Fiebre Porcina Africana/diagnóstico , Immunoblotting/veterinaria , Fosfoproteínas/sangre , Proteínas Virales/sangre , Animales , Immunoblotting/métodos , Proteínas Recombinantes/sangre , Sus scrofa , PorcinosRESUMEN
The study of the state of carnitine metabolism is an actual problem for the specialists who are interested in the investigating of children's health, involved in sport. Indicators of carnitine metabolism reflect mitochondrial capacity and the state of energy of the cell, which in it's turn effect on the level of physical performance of athletes and their health status. The aim of our study was to identify the characteristics of carnitine metabolism in young athletes, as well as the establishment of correlation between carnitine metabolism and body fat mass. The study included 46 young athletes 12-17 years old involved in swimming. The average age of the athletes was 15.9 ± 0.2 years. Carnitine metabolism has been studied by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the content of body fat mass has been established by bioimpedance. The free carnitine didn't significantly differ in males (36.3 ± 1.1 mmol/l) and females (36.3 ± 1.3 mmol/l). Content of related carnitine was higher in boys--17.4 ± 0.8 mmol/l (vs 14.0 ± 0.9 mmol/l in girls, p < 0.05). Value of related carnitine/free carnitine (AC/C0) was significantly 22.5% higher in boys (0.49 ± 0.03), because of higher content of related carnitine. The content of body fat mass in boys was 9.6 ± 0.87%, and in girls--22.24 ± 1.0%. There was found a significant correlation between indicators of carnitine metabolism and fat body mass. The findings may suggest a higher mitochondrial potential of girls engaged in swimming.
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Adiposidad/fisiología , Atletas , Carnitina/sangre , Metabolismo Energético/fisiología , Caracteres Sexuales , Natación , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Induced mutagenesis with y-irradiation of the industrial strain Bacillus licheniformis-60 VKM B-2366,D was used to obtain a new highly active producer of an extracellular serine protease, Bacillus licheni- formis7 145. Samples of dry.concentrated preparations of serine protease produced by the original and mutant strains were obtained, and identity of their protein composition was'established. Alkaline serine protease sub- tilisin DY was the main component of the preparations. The biochemical and physicochemical properties of the Protolkheterm-145 enzyme preparation obtained from the mutant strain were studied. It exhibited pro- teolytic activity (1.5 times higher than the preparation from the initial strain) within broad ranges of pH (5- 11) and temperature (30-70'C).-Efficient hydrolysis of extruded soy meal protein at high concentrations (2 to 50%) in-the reaction mixture was.the main advantage of the Protolikheterm 145 preparation. Compared to,. the preparation obtained using the initial strain, the new preparation with increased proteolytic-activity pro- vided for more complete hydrolysis of the main non-nutritious soy,proteins.(glycinin and 0-conglycinin) with the yield of soluble protein increased by 19-28%, which decreased the cost of bioconversion of the protein- aceous material and indicated promise of the new preparation in resource-saving technologies for processing soy meals and cakes.
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Bacillus licheniformis/efectos de la radiación , Proteínas Bacterianas/química , Globulinas/química , Glycine max/química , Proteínas de Soja/química , Subtilisinas/química , Antígenos de Plantas/química , Bacillus licheniformis/enzimología , Bacillus licheniformis/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/biosíntesis , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/aislamiento & purificación , Estabilidad de Enzimas , Rayos gamma , Expresión Génica , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Hidrólisis , Cinética , Mutagénesis , Proteínas de Almacenamiento de Semillas/química , Subtilisinas/biosíntesis , Subtilisinas/genética , Subtilisinas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: to compare efficacy of verapamil and amlodipine in treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) with preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) in patients with hypertensive disease (HD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with stage III HD, class II-III CHF, and LVEF more or equal 50% (n=167, age 48-70 years) underwent complex examination before and after 12 months of treatment with perindopril combined either with verapamil SR (n=85) or amlodipine (n=82). RESULTS: Average 6-minute walk distance increased after both verapamil and amlodipine containing treatment (by 15.1 and 18.2%, respectively). Administration of both drugs was associated with improvement of clinical state and quality of life. But only treatment containing amlodipine was associated with lowering of N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide and improvement of echocardiographic parameters of LV diastolic function. CONCLUSION: In treatment of CHF in patients with HD amlodipine is at least not inferior to verapamil for elevation of exercise tolerance and superior to verapamil for improvement of LV diastolic function. Amlodipine might be perspective for use in patients with chronotropic incompetence.
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Amlodipino/uso terapéutico , Antihipertensivos/uso terapéutico , Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Hipertensión , Verapamilo/uso terapéutico , Anciano , Amlodipino/farmacología , Antihipertensivos/farmacología , Ecocardiografía , Tolerancia al Ejercicio , Femenino , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Función Ventricular Izquierda , Verapamilo/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The producer of fungal penicillopepsin, an aspartate protease, has been created by genetic engineering. The biochemical and physicochemical properties of the penicillopepsin enzyme preparation obtained from the culture liquid of the producer were studied. Properties of the new enzyme preparation and the commercially available aspergillopepsin were compared. Their proteolytic activities were found to be 670-680 U/g of the preparation. The soluble protein yield upon the wheat flour hydrolysis with penicillopepsin was 2.7 times higher than with aspergillopepsin. It is probably caused by the presence of the xylanase activity in the penicillopepsin preparation.
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Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidasas/metabolismo , Proteasas de Ácido Aspártico/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Penicillium/enzimología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidasas/genética , Proteasas de Ácido Aspártico/genética , Endo-1,4-beta Xilanasas/genética , Endo-1,4-beta Xilanasas/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/enzimología , Escherichia coli/genética , Harina/análisis , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Expresión Génica , Ingeniería Genética , Hidrólisis , Cinética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Penicillium/genética , Plásmidos/química , Plásmidos/metabolismo , Proteolisis , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Triticum/metabolismoRESUMEN
The objective of this study is definition of surgical treatment tactics of multilevel degenerative-dystrophic lesions of the lumbosacral spine in case of HIP-SPINE-syndrome. It was presented the experience of surgical treatment of multilevel degenerative-dystrophic lesions of the lumbosacral spine in 52 patients aged from 48 to 81 years. Lumbar stenosis prevailed in 38 (73.1%) cases. There was degenerative spondylolisthesis in 9 (17.3%) cases, and degenerative scoliosis was detected in 5 (9.6%) patients. Different types of decompressive-stabilizing interventions according to direction of compression and the presence of degenerative instability were performed in all patients. Evaluation of surgical treatment was done by using of visual analog scale and questionnaire Oswestry Disability Index. It was revealed significant improvement of life quality by reducing of pain and increasing of daily activity. Maximal time of observation was 36 months.
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Descompresión Quirúrgica , Inestabilidad de la Articulación , Osteoartritis de la Cadera , Complicaciones Posoperatorias , Enfermedades de la Columna Vertebral , Fusión Vertebral , Espondilolistesis/cirugía , Anciano , Descompresión Quirúrgica/efectos adversos , Descompresión Quirúrgica/métodos , Evaluación de la Discapacidad , Femenino , Humanos , Inestabilidad de la Articulación/diagnóstico , Inestabilidad de la Articulación/etiología , Inestabilidad de la Articulación/prevención & control , Inestabilidad de la Articulación/psicología , Vértebras Lumbares/diagnóstico por imagen , Vértebras Lumbares/cirugía , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dimensión del Dolor , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & control , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/psicología , Calidad de Vida , Radiografía , Sacro/diagnóstico por imagen , Sacro/cirugía , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Enfermedades de la Columna Vertebral/complicaciones , Enfermedades de la Columna Vertebral/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de la Columna Vertebral/fisiopatología , Enfermedades de la Columna Vertebral/cirugía , Fusión Vertebral/efectos adversos , Fusión Vertebral/métodos , Espondilolistesis/etiología , Síndrome , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing has proven to be a valuable tool in the field of surface interactions characterization, especially for biomedical applications where label-free techniques are of particular interest. In order to approach the theoretical resolution limit, most SPR-based systems have turned to either angular or spectral interrogation modes, which both offer very accurate real-time measurements, but at the expense of the 2-dimensional imaging capability, therefore decreasing the data throughput. In this article, we show numerically and experimentally how to combine the multi-spectral interrogation technique with 2D-imaging, while finding an optimum in terms of resolution, accuracy, acquisition speed and reduction in data dispersion with respect to the classical reflectivity interrogation mode. This multi-spectral interrogation methodology is based on a robust five parameter fitting of the spectral reflectivity curve which enables monitoring of the reflectivity spectral shift with a resolution of the order of ten picometers, and using only five wavelength measurements per point. In fine, such multi-spectral based plasmonic imaging system allows biomolecular interaction monitoring in a linear regime independently of variations of buffer optical index, which is illustrated on a DNA-DNA model case.
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ADN/metabolismo , Resonancia por Plasmón de Superficie/instrumentación , ADN/análisis , Diseño de Equipo , Hibridación de Ácido Nucleico , Resonancia por Plasmón de Superficie/métodosRESUMEN
Immunosuppression manifesting itself as leukopenia and a considerably lower lymphocyte proliferative response to T- and B-cell mitogens develops in pigs and dogs within 2-3 weeks after intramuscular or oral infection with canine distemper virus (CDV). CDV antigens are detectable in the oral secretions of the animals within 2-2.5 week after infection.
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Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Virus del Moquillo Canino , Sistema Inmunológico , Tolerancia Inmunológica/inmunología , Adulto , Animales , Antígenos Virales/inmunología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Proliferación Celular , Virus del Moquillo Canino/inmunología , Virus del Moquillo Canino/metabolismo , Perros , Humanos , Sistema Inmunológico/inmunología , Sistema Inmunológico/virología , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Masculino , Fitohemaglutininas/inmunología , Mitógenos de Phytolacca americana/inmunología , Sus scrofa , Linfocitos T/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Data on the seroimmunotypic and hemadsorbing characteristics of African swine fever virus (ASF) are summarized. According to the results of immunological sampling in pigs and those of hemagglutination inhibition test, the known ASFV strains and isolates were divided into 11 groups, 8 were characterized as seroimmunogroups having their specific reference strains. A 110-140-kD ASFV serotype-specific nonstructural major glycoprotein was identified. It is suggested that it is the glycoprotein that corresponds to the genetic engineering detected virus-specific homolog of lymphocyte membrane protein CD2, gene deletion of which results in the loss of hemadsorbing properties by ASFV.
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Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana , Fiebre Porcina Africana/virología , Fiebre Porcina Africana/genética , Fiebre Porcina Africana/inmunología , Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana/clasificación , Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana/genética , Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana/inmunología , Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Variación Antigénica , Proteínas de la Cápside/inmunología , Proteínas de la Cápside/aislamiento & purificación , Glicoproteínas/genética , Glicoproteínas/inmunología , Serotipificación/métodos , PorcinosRESUMEN
This review is concerned with diagnostics, surgical and orthopedic treatment of fresh and long-standing Achilles tendon rupture. Despite seemingly easy diagnostics, different authors indicate that 15-29% of Achilles tendon rupture escape timely recognition which leads to inadequate treatment and its poor outcome. Hence, the importance of clinical tests permitting to improve diagnostics bearing in mind that such expensive methods as MRT are not readily available. We describe all (to our knowledge) clinical tests for the purpose as well as X-ray, ultrasonic, and MRT diagnostics (including differential) of Achilles tendon rupture.
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Tendón Calcáneo/lesiones , Artrografía/métodos , Artroscopía/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Examen Físico/métodos , Traumatismos de los Tendones/diagnóstico , Ultrasonografía Doppler/métodos , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Rotura , Índices de Gravedad del TraumaRESUMEN
A heterologous gene expression system was created in a domestic Aspergillus awamori Co-6804 strain, which is a producer of the glucoamylase gene. Vector pGa was prepared using promoter and terminator areas of the glucoamylase gene, and A. niger phytase, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase, and Penicillium canescens xylanase genes were then cloned into pGa vector. Separation of enzyme samples using FPLC showed the amount of the recombinant proteins to be within the 0.6-14% range of total protein.