RESUMEN
Chronic hepatitis B belongs to a category of socially significant diseases due to its wide abundance in the world and high frequency of unfavourable outcomes of this disease. Features of interaction of hepatitis B virus with human immune system, accompanying development of mechanisms of escape from immunological control, is the basis of development of chronic hepatitis B. Molecular-biological features of hepatitis B virus are the basis of the indicated mechanisms, and the content of this review is their examination. Herewith, stages of immunopathogenesis of this disease is the basis of characteristics of interaction of viral proteins with cells of immune system, and isolation of those is accepted in contemporary foreign literature.
Asunto(s)
Virus de la Hepatitis B/inmunología , Hepatitis B Crónica/inmunología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Antígenos del Núcleo de la Hepatitis B/inmunología , Antígenos e de la Hepatitis B/inmunología , Virus de la Hepatitis B/genética , Virus de la Hepatitis B/patogenicidad , Hepatitis B Crónica/patología , Hepatitis B Crónica/virología , Humanos , Replicación Viral/genéticaRESUMEN
The review is dedicated to an actual problem--genetic prognosis of risk of bronchial asthma development that is quite a complex aspect of studies from a methodological viewpoint. Bronchial asthma--heterogeneous disease by both etiology and clinical characteristics. At the same time genetic prognosis is based on the unity of pathogenetic mechanisms of development, though in immunological reactions that are the base of this disease, alternative variants are possible. The aim of this review is carrying out parallels between modern achievements in the field of deciphering trigger mechanisms of bronchial asthma pathogenesis and object of genetic studies based on these mechanisms. Among the examined conceptions--role of epithelial tissue in trigger mechanisms of bronchial asthma, variants of key role of immune system cells, first of all, T-helpers of various types for further development of inflammatory-effector reactions with damage characteristic for this disease. Compliance of contemporary approaches of genetic studies and novel concepts of bronchial asthma pathogenesis is shown.
Asunto(s)
Asma/genética , Asma/patología , Inflamación/genética , Linfocitos T Colaboradores-Inductores/inmunología , Asma/inmunología , Humanos , Inflamación/inmunología , Polimorfismo Genético , Pronóstico , Factores de Riesgo , Linfocitos T Colaboradores-Inductores/patologíaAsunto(s)
Antioxidantes/química , Liposomas/química , Aceites de Plantas/química , Aceite de Maíz/química , Diterpenos , Juglans/química , Aceite de Linaza/química , Modelos Biológicos , Aceite de Oliva , Fosfatidilcolinas/química , Ésteres de Retinilo , Aceite de Girasol , Tiobarbitúricos/química , Vitamina A/análogos & derivados , Vitamina A/químicaRESUMEN
Topicality of interrelation between intestine infections, inflammation diseases of intestine and autoimmune processes is widely discussed in scientific literature of recent years. Thereby a review of literature on the designated aspect of the problem is dedicated to the analysis of interconnection between structural-functional features of lymphoid apparatus of intestine and its ability to react to antigen load from both commensal and pathogenic intestine microflora. During description of structure and functions of lymphoid formation of intestine a particular attention is paid to difference of subpopulation characteristics of lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells composing intra-epithelial lymphocytes, elements ofimmune system lamina propria, Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymphatic nodes. The role of normal microflora and infectious agents in trigger mechanisms of reaction of immunocompetent cells is underscored; key aspects of cellular-molecular mechanisms of mucous membrane immune system functions are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Autoinmunidad , Infecciones Bacterianas/inmunología , Inmunidad Mucosa , Enfermedades Intestinales/inmunología , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Linfocitos/inmunología , Animales , Antígenos Bacterianos/inmunología , Infecciones Bacterianas/microbiología , Humanos , Enfermedades Intestinales/microbiología , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Problem of interconnection of intestine infections, inflammatory intestine diseases and autoimmune illnesses in this article is examined from the position of their trigger and effector mechanisms. Among trigger mechanisms special attention is given to mechanisms by which the presence of pathogenic microbial causative agent in the organism is transformed into an autoimmune process. The phenomenon of antigen mimicry, carriage of superantigens by pathogenic agents, the role of cell apoptosis are accentuated. Autoimmune diseases are examined in the same way as genetically determined phenomenon with designation of main genes, polymorphism of which is involved in the development of this pathology. Among effector reactions accompanying the development of autoimmune process againstthe background of intestine infections the role of B1 lymphocytes, Th17 and Th1 are analyzed in more detail. Special attention is given to pathogenetic and protective role of natural killers which is recognized as relatively understudied.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Autoinmunes/inmunología , Autoinmunidad , Infecciones Bacterianas/inmunología , Intestinos/inmunología , Virosis/inmunología , Apoptosis/inmunología , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/microbiología , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/virología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Linfocitos B/microbiología , Linfocitos B/virología , Infecciones Bacterianas/microbiología , Humanos , Inflamación , Intestinos/microbiología , Intestinos/virología , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Células Asesinas Naturales/microbiología , Células Asesinas Naturales/virología , Imitación Molecular , Superantígenos , Células TH1/inmunología , Células TH1/microbiología , Células TH1/virología , Células Th17/inmunología , Células Th17/microbiología , Células Th17/virología , Virosis/virologíaRESUMEN
Now that the neurotransmitter serotonin modulates the immune system cells, and its main sources for antigenpresenting cells and lymphocytes are enterochromaffin cells of the gut, peripheral nerves, platelets and mast cells in case of inflammation. Immune cells uptake serotonin because they express receptors for this monoamine and intracellular serotonin transporters. The dendritic cells have a mechanism to transfer serotonin to T lymphocytes during antigen presentation. The macrophages and T cells have the ability to serotonin synthesis. Serotonin can influence mobility and proliferation of lymphocytes, phagocytosis, cytolytic properties, synthesis of chemokines and cytokines. Diversity of immunomodulating effects of serotonin is determined by heterogeneity of serotoninergic receptors. Immunomodulating action of serotonin is evidence of the close relationship between nervous and immune systems.
Asunto(s)
Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Receptores de Serotonina/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Serotonina en la Membrana Plasmática/metabolismo , Serotonina/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Animales , Presentación de Antígeno , Citocinas/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Células Enterocromafines/inmunología , Células Enterocromafines/metabolismo , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata , Inmunomodulación , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Mastocitos/inmunología , Mastocitos/metabolismo , Receptores de Serotonina/clasificación , Receptores de Serotonina/inmunología , Serotonina/inmunología , Serotonina/farmacología , Proteínas de Transporte de Serotonina en la Membrana Plasmática/inmunología , Transducción de Señal , Linfocitos T/inmunologíaRESUMEN
With the use of nuclear magnetic resonance we investigated the effect of consumption of water with the modified isotope content on the composition of deuterium in the blood, assessed the state of pro-oxidant-antioxidant system in the blood and lyophilized tissues (liver, kidneys) under prolonged oxidative stress. Possible mechanisms of direct and indirect antioxidant effects of the water with modified isotope content and the perspectives of its use for nutritional correction of abnormalities of oxidative metabolism during special physiological conditions and in clinical practice are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Deuterio , Radicales Libres/metabolismo , Aguas Minerales , Estrés Oxidativo , Infecciones de los Tejidos Blandos/sangre , Animales , Deuterio/análisis , Deuterio/sangre , Deuterio/farmacología , Riñón/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Aguas Minerales/administración & dosificación , Aguas Minerales/análisis , RatasRESUMEN
Mucous membrane of the gastroduodenal region of 104 patients with different pathologies (gastritis and erosive ulcerative alterations) was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Examination of the biopsy material revealed frequent occurrence of pathogenic strains of Helicobacter pylori (up to 80%) and Herpesviridae (EBV, HHV 6, HHV 7, HHV 8) in various combinations. In such cases it is necessary to use adequate antibacterial and antiviral therapy with individual choice of immunomodulators.
Asunto(s)
Duodenitis , Gastritis , Infecciones por Helicobacter/diagnóstico , Helicobacter pylori/aislamiento & purificación , Herpesvirus Humano 4/aislamiento & purificación , Roseolovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto , Anciano , Biopsia , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Coinfección/microbiología , Coinfección/virología , Duodenitis/microbiología , Duodenitis/virología , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/diagnóstico , Femenino , Gastritis/microbiología , Gastritis/virología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Moscú , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Infecciones por Roseolovirus/diagnósticoRESUMEN
In this review, the problem of hepatitis B is considered as related to the recent data on the biology of the viral agent, on the pathogenesis of disturbances that it causes in an organism as well as on accompanying deviations in its immune system. Special attention is paid to mechanisms of hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistence and the role of regulatory lymphocytes of NK/NKT system in this process. Some problems in further studies are specified.
Asunto(s)
Virus de la Hepatitis B/fisiología , Hepatitis B , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Animales , Aminas Biogénicas/metabolismo , Gránulos Citoplasmáticos/química , Hepatitis B/inmunología , Hepatitis B/fisiopatología , Hepatitis B/virología , Histamina/metabolismo , Humanos , Células Asesinas Naturales/citología , Activación de Linfocitos , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
Data on immunological changes that accompanied HCV infection are analyzed. Role of various viral proteins in induction of immune alterations leading to HCV persistence is reviewed. Possibility of association between pathogenic mechanisms (and outcomes) of hepatitis C and alteration of aminergic regulation mechanisms in the immune system as well as perspectives of further studies assessing the role NK and NKT cell in this process.
Asunto(s)
Hepacivirus/fisiología , Hepatitis C/inmunología , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Subgrupos Linfocitarios/inmunología , Aminas Biogénicas/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Abajo , Hepatitis C/virología , Hepatitis C Crónica/inmunología , Hepatitis C Crónica/fisiopatología , Humanos , Hígado/inmunología , Hígado/patología , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
Natural killers are referred to the category of cells well known for their assistance in cyto-differentiation control. Mechanisms of such assistance include cytolytic and secretory effects on the target. In this aspect, the NK capacity to assist in local aminoregulatory processes by adrenalin, serotonin, histamine release contained in these cells granules is considered to be the least studied and the most problematic issue. The solution of this problem demands taking into consideration a number of conditions: the NK ability to receipt biogenic amines and peculiarities of receptor structure; principal differences in mechanism of action of biogenic amines which enter the cell through exogenous pathway or which are synthesized endogenously; correlation between biogenic amines presence in the granules and functional NK state. Hypothesis of generation connected with the problem suggests the NK assistance in cytolysis in concomitant mechanisms of paracrine regulation of cellular microenvironmental proliferative response, induction of local inflammatory and immunomodulating processes.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Inmunológico , Células Asesinas Naturales/fisiología , Animales , Aminas Biogénicas/inmunología , Aminas Biogénicas/fisiología , Catecolaminas/inmunología , Catecolaminas/fisiología , Gránulos Citoplasmáticos/metabolismo , Histamina/inmunología , Histamina/fisiología , Humanos , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunologíaAsunto(s)
Mucosa Gástrica/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Gastrointestinales/farmacología , Péptidos/fisiología , Animales , Mucosa Gástrica/química , Fármacos Gastrointestinales/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Páncreas/enzimología , Páncreas/fisiología , Pancreatitis/etiología , Pepsina A/análisis , Pepsina A/metabolismo , Úlcera Péptica/metabolismo , Péptidos/aislamiento & purificación , Péptidos/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Úlcera Gástrica/metabolismoRESUMEN
The hemopoietic stem cells (HSC), obtained from the mouse bone marrow and transferred into lethally irradiated syngeneic mice, do not form colonies of hemopoietic cells in the spleen of recipients. The colony formation has been observed after transplantation of HSC together with bone marrow B-lymphocytes or precursors of T-lymphocytes (PTL), and has been mediated through soluble products of nonimmunoglobulin nature produced by B-cells. In distinction from bone marrow B-cells, the interaction of splenic B-lymphocytes with the HSC fraction does not initiate this process, but suppresses it in the presence of bone marrow PTL. The interaction of B-lymphocytes activated by LPS (in vitro) or sheep erythrocytes (in vivo) with HSC or with a mixture of HSC and PTL resulted in the formation of splenic colonies. However, the induction of colony formation has been observed only in the presence of mature T-lymphocytes (phenotype Thy-1, Sc-1), revealed as an admixture to HSC, and has been abolished after their removing in the process of fractionation of bone marrow and receiving the purified HSC fraction. It requires some membranous interaction of regulatory cells.