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IMPORTANCE: This is the first reported case of fragrance products-induced recurrent oxidative hemolytic anemia in a dog, detailing the successful therapeutic approach employed. CASE PRESENTATION: A 4-year-old intact female Pomeranian dog presented with brown tongue, pigmenturia, peripheral edema, and vomiting. Blood smears revealed a high count of eccentrocytes and Heinz bodies, along with a precipitous decline in packed cell volume and an increase in blood methemoglobin levels, suggesting an oxidative hemolytic crisis. This clinicopathological pattern recurred several times after the patient returned home. Antioxidants, methylene blue, hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy, and blood transfusion were successfully employed to address recurrent hemolytic anemia; however, oxidative hemolytic crises recurred. After the owner removed exposure to various home remedies and fragrances, the clinical signs and hemolytic crises did not recur. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Recurring oxidative hemolytic crises should raise suspicions of environmental toxicity, which, although harmless in small quantities to humans, can be devastating to small-breed dogs. In addition to removing the causative agents, methylene blue and other antioxidants, along with HBO, may be beneficial in the acute management of oxidative hemolytic anemia.

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BACKGROUND/AIM: The soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) serve as a valuable biomarker for tumors in human patients, as its levels increase during the activation of T lymphocytes in clinical states such as inflammation, infection, and tumor. This study aimed to demonstrate that sIL-2R levels can be also elevated in dogs with tumors and evaluate its applicability as a diagnostic and prognostic factor in canine cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Serum was collected from 6 healthy dogs and 34 dogs with solid tumors. The concentration of sIL-2R was measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. RESULTS: The median sIL-2R concentration was significantly higher in dogs with solid masses than in healthy dogs (117.3 vs 68.33 pg/ml, p = 0.016). The highest median sIL-2R concentration was found in dogs with malignant tumors, followed by those with benign tumors, and healthy dogs (119.6 vs 93.74 vs 68.33 pg/ml, respectively). In dogs with malignant tumors, the mortality rate was significantly higher in the group with high sIL-2R levels than in the group with low sIL-2R levels. Dogs with solid tumors, particularly those with malignant tumors, had higher concentrations of sIL-2R than healthy dogs. Among dogs with malignant tumors, a correlation between sIL-2R concentration and mortality rate was confirmed. CONCLUSION: Serum sIL-2R levels may be used to detect malignant tumors and serve as a prognostic factor in dogs with malignant tumors.

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Canine lymphoma, the most prevalent haematopoietic tumour in dogs, presents significant challenges in veterinary oncology. This study investigates the prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in small-sized dogs (≤10 kg) with multicentric lymphoma. In this retrospective study, we examined medical records and haematological data from 35 dogs to assess the association between NLR and two key outcomes: time-to-progression (TTP) and lymphoma-specific survival (LSS) using Cox proportional hazards models. Our findings revealed a significant correlation between elevated NLR and a worse prognosis, as evidenced by TTP (p = 0.005) and LSS (p = 0.001). NLR is linked to increased hazard ratios (HRs) for the time-to-progression rate (TTPR) at 180, 360 and 540 days (p = 0.001, p = 0.003 and p = 0.005, respectively) and the lymphoma-specific survival rate (LSSR) at the same intervals (p = 0.016, p = 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Cutoff value of 3.764 for NLR was established, above which there is a significantly increased risk of early disease progression and decreased survival. Additionally, our analysis indicates that dogs with substage b exhibited earlier progression than those with substage a, evident in overall (p = 0.026) and TTPR at 180 days (p = 0.004), 360 days (p = 0.018), 540 days (p = 0.026) and LSSR at 180 days (p = 0.033). The results underscore the potential of NLR as a prognostic marker in cases of dogs ≤10 kg with multicentric lymphoma, suggesting that higher NLR is associated with a poorer prognosis.

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Background: The grade of tracheal collapse (TC) is assessed by the diameter of the narrowed lumen. However, studies on the relationship between TC grade and clinical symptom severity are lacking. Objectives: To investigate the clinical characteristics of small-breed dogs diagnosed with TC and determine if fluoroscopic grading correlates with cough severity. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records from 2022 to 2024. TC diagnosis was confirmed using fluoroscopic examination. Multiple linear regression was employed to investigate factors influencing cough severity, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 132 dogs with TC were identified, of which 22 were excluded. The final cohort consisted of 110 dogs, aged between 2-19 years, with no significant sex differences. The majority (97.2%) of dogs had a BCS of ≥4. Among the top four breeds (Maltese, Pomeranian, Poodle, and Chihuahua), the most severe collapse was observed in the carinal region. The grade of collapse on fluoroscopy was mostly related to high BCS (p < 0.007) and low body weight (p < 0.001). However, interestingly, fluoroscopic findings of collapse location and grade did not correlate with cough severity (p = 0.350). Notably, clinical symptoms improved in 86.6% of cases following interventions such as weight reduction, environmental changes, and pharmacotherapy. Conclusions and clinical relevance: In small-breed dogs, the severity of cough was not associated with the region or grade of TC diagnosed by fluoroscopy.

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The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in dogs increases with age, and renal fibrosis is an important pathophysiological mechanism in this process. However, only a few drugs that can effectively inhibit fibrosis in the kidneys of dogs are currently available. In this study, we aimed to determine whether pirfenidone, a drug that has shown antifibrotic effects in various clinical studies, also exerts antifibrotic effects on canine renal tubular epithelial cells, Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK). To this end, we treated MDCK cells with various concentrations of pirfenidone, followed by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-ß1) to stimulate fibrotic conditions. A cell viability assay was performed to determine the effect of pirfenidone on cell survival. Fibrosis-related markers and TGF-ß1 fibrotic pathway-related markers were assessed using qPCR, Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, followed by Tukey's post-hoc test for multiple comparisons. Pirfenidone treatment significantly reduced the expression of profibrotic markers such as α-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, and collagen. Additionally, it upregulated the expression of E-cadherin, an epithelial marker. Furthermore, pirfenidone effectively inhibited the phosphorylation of key factors involved in the TGF-ß1 signaling pathway, including Smad2/3 and ERK1/2. These results demonstrate that pirfenidone suppresses TGF-ß1-induced fibrosis in MDCK cells by attenuating epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the relevant signaling pathways.

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BACKGROUND: Romiplostim, a thrombopoietin analog, is commonly used to treat immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) in humans, but its use in dogs remains limited. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the effects and adverse events of romiplostim administration in dogs with thrombocytopenia caused by various underlying diseases. ANIMALS: Forty-two client-owned dogs with naturally occurring thrombocytopenia at 2 referral animal hospitals. METHODS: Retrospective, multi-institutional analysis to evaluate the outcomes of romiplostim treatment in dogs. RESULTS: Among the dogs treated with romiplostim, 27 experienced an increase in platelet count and 26 maintained a platelet count within the reference range. Platelet count improvement was observed in various conditions: primary ITP (90%, n = 18/20), pancytopenia of unknown etiology (42.9%, n = 3/7), chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia (50%, n = 3/6), babesiosis (100%, n = 1/1), radiotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia (0%, n = 0/1), and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (33.3%, n = 2/6). The median time for platelet recovery (>50 000/µL) after romiplostim administration was 4 days, and the median time for platelet count normalization was 7 days. Median hospitalization time for the improvement group (I) was 5 days. The survival-to-discharge rates were 85%, 40%, and 28.6% for dogs with primary ITP, secondary thrombocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia of unknown etiology, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Romiplostim is a well-tolerated and promising treatment for primary ITP in dogs, suggesting its potential as a valuable therapeutic option for dogs with thrombocytopenia caused by various underlying conditions. These findings emphasize the need for further research to optimize romiplostim dosing and understand its role in treating secondary thrombocytopenia and pancytopenia of unknown etiology.

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Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is a transitional stage between normal aging and Alzheimer's disease, making early screening imperative for potential intervention and prevention of progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, there is a demand for research to identify effective and easy-to-use tools for aMCI screening. While behavioral tests in virtual reality environments have successfully captured behavioral features related to instrumental activities of daily living for aMCI screening, further investigations are necessary to establish connections between cognitive decline and neurological changes. Utilizing electroencephalography with steady-state visual evoked potentials, this study delved into the correlation between behavioral features recorded during virtual reality tests and neurological features obtained by measuring neural activity in the dorsal stream. As a result, this multimodal approach achieved an impressive screening accuracy of 98.38%.

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) commonly occurs in old dogs and cats. Oligo-fucoidan, fucoxanthin, and L-carnitine (OFL) compounds have a variety of reno-protective properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-fibrotic effects. Because their effects have not been investigated in naturally occurring canine CKD, we examined their reno-protective activities in dog patients with CKD. A total of 50 patients (OFL, n = 28; control, n = 22) were included in the analysis. A significant difference was identified in serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations between the control and OFL groups at 6 months. No significant difference in electrolytes was found between the groups. A significant difference was identified in serum creatinine concentration between the control and OFL groups in azotemic (CKD IRIS stage 2-4) at 6 months. The OFL compounds showed a reno-protective effect, consistent with previous animal studies. The OFL combination can potentially delay the progression of canine CKD and be used as an adjuvant therapy.

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BACKGROUND: Pamidronate is used for the treatment of hypercalcemia. However, a rare but potential adverse event of pamidronate treatment is hypocalcemia. This report describes an unusual case of severe, irreversible hypocalcemia after a single injection of pamidronate for the treatment of hypercalcemia due to glucocorticoid withdrawal in a dog. CASE PRESENTATION: An 11-year-old castrated male Maltese dog presented with anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea (day 0). The patient had calcinosis cutis throughout the body, calcification of intraabdominal organs, mild azotemia, and severe hypercalcemia. The severe calcification was attributed to long-term glucocorticoid administration, which was discontinued 1 month before presentation. Fluid therapy, diuretics, calcitonin, and a single intravenous injection of pamidronate were used for the treatment of hypercalcemia. On day 14, normocalcemia was achieved, but renal failure occurred. On day 20, severe and irreversible hypocalcemia occurred, and on day 42, the patient was euthanized at the owner's request because of worsened hypocalcemia and renal failure. CONCLUSIONS: Although hypocalcemia is an extremely rare adverse event of bisphosphonate treatment, bisphosphonates like pamidronate can result in potentially life-threatening conditions according to the patient's underlying conditions. Therefore, the patient's condition should be closely monitored and any underlying conditions should be carefully evaluated before initiating the treatment for hypercalcemia using pamidronate.

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BACKGROUND: Early detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a transitional stage between normal aging and Alzheimer disease, is crucial for preventing the progression of dementia. Virtual reality (VR) biomarkers have proven to be effective in capturing behaviors associated with subtle deficits in instrumental activities of daily living, such as challenges in using a food-ordering kiosk, for early detection of MCI. On the other hand, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers have demonstrated their efficacy in quantifying observable structural brain changes that can aid in early MCI detection. Nevertheless, the relationship between VR-derived and MRI biomarkers remains an open question. In this context, we explored the integration of VR-derived and MRI biomarkers to enhance early MCI detection through a multimodal learning approach. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of VR-derived and MRI biomarkers in the classification of MCI while also examining the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. Furthermore, we focused on improving early MCI detection by leveraging multimodal learning to integrate VR-derived and MRI biomarkers. METHODS: The study encompassed a total of 54 participants, comprising 22 (41%) healthy controls and 32 (59%) patients with MCI. Participants completed a virtual kiosk test to collect 4 VR-derived biomarkers (hand movement speed, scanpath length, time to completion, and the number of errors), and T1-weighted MRI scans were performed to collect 22 MRI biomarkers from both hemispheres. Analyses of covariance were used to compare these biomarkers between healthy controls and patients with MCI, with age considered as a covariate. Subsequently, the biomarkers that exhibited significant differences between the 2 groups were used to train and validate a multimodal learning model aimed at early screening for patients with MCI among healthy controls. RESULTS: The support vector machine (SVM) using only VR-derived biomarkers achieved a sensitivity of 87.5% and specificity of 90%, whereas the MRI biomarkers showed a sensitivity of 90.9% and specificity of 71.4%. Moreover, a correlation analysis revealed a significant association between MRI-observed brain atrophy and impaired performance in instrumental activities of daily living in the VR environment. Notably, the integration of both VR-derived and MRI biomarkers into a multimodal SVM model yielded superior results compared to unimodal SVM models, achieving higher accuracy (94.4%), sensitivity (100%), specificity (90.9%), precision (87.5%), and F1-score (93.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that VR-derived biomarkers, characterized by their high specificity, can be valuable as a robust, early screening tool for MCI in a broader older adult population. On the other hand, MRI biomarkers, known for their high sensitivity, excel at confirming the presence of MCI. Moreover, the multimodal learning approach introduced in our study provides valuable insights into the improvement of early MCI detection by integrating a diverse set of biomarkers.

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BACKGROUND: Axitinib, a potent and selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase 1,2 and 3, is used in chemotherapy because it inhibits tumor angiogenesis by blocking the VEGF/VEGFR pathway. In veterinary medicine, attempts have been made to apply tyrosine kinase inhibitors with anti-angiogenic effects to tumor patients, but there are no studies on axitinib in canine mammary gland tumors (MGTs). OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to confirm the antitumor activity of axitinib in canine mammary gland cell lines. METHODS: We treated canine MGT cell lines (CIPp and CIPm) with axitinib and conducted CCK, wound healing, apoptosis, and cell cycle assays. Additionally, we evaluated the expression levels of angiogenesis-associated factors, including VEGFs, PDGF-A, FGF-2, and TGF-ß1, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, we collected canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), activated them with concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and then treated them with axitinib to investigate changes in viability. RESULTS: When axitinib was administered to CIPp and CIPm, cell viability significantly decreased at 24, 48, and 72 h (p < 0.001), and migration was markedly reduced (6 h, p < 0.05; 12 h, p < 0.005). The apoptosis rate significantly increased (p < 0.01), and the G2/M phase ratio showed a significant increase (p < 0.001). Additionally, there was no significant change in the viability of canine PBMCs treated with LPS and ConA. CONCLUSION: In this study, we confirmed the antitumor activity of axitinib against canine MGT cell lines. Accordingly, we suggest that axitinib can be applied as a new treatment for patients with canine MGTs.

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BACKGROUND: Tracheal collapse (TC), a common disease in dogs, is characterized by cough; however, little is known about the serum biomarkers that can objectively evaluate the severity of cough in canine TC. Furthermore, studies elucidating the relationship of fluoroscopic characteristics with the severity of cough are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between cough severity and clinical characteristics, fluoroscopic images, and new serum biomarkers in canine TC. RESULTS: Fifty-one client-owned dogs diagnosed with TC based on fluoroscopic and clinical signs were enrolled in this study and divided into three groups according to the severity of cough (grade of cough: 0, 1, and 2). Signalments, comorbidities, and fluoroscopic characteristics were compared among the groups retrospectively. The serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), interleukin-6 (IL-6), surfactant protein-A (SP-A), and syndecan-1 (SDC-1) levels were measured in all groups. No significant differences in age, breed, sex, or clinical history were observed among the groups. Concomitant pharyngeal collapse increased significantly with the severity of cough (p = .031). Based on the fluoroscopic characteristics, the TC grade of the carinal region increased significantly and consistently with the grade of cough (p = .03). The serum MMP-9 level was significantly higher in the grade 2 group than that in the grade 0 group (p = .014). The serum IL-6 level was significantly lower in the grade 1 group than that in the grade 0 group (p = .020). The serum SP-A and SDC-1 levels did not differ significantly among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of cough with the progression of TC can be predicted with the fluoroscopic TC grade at the carinal region. MMP-9 may be used as an objective serum biomarker that represents cough severity to understand the pathogenesis.

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BACKGROUND: Canine mammary gland cancer (CMGC) is a common neoplasm in intact bitches. However, the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-proliferative effects of paclitaxel on CMGC in in-vitro and in-vivo settings. RESULTS: Paclitaxel dose-dependently inhibited viability and induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in both primary and metastatic CMGC cell lines (CIPp and CIPm). In animal experiments, the average tumour volume decreased significantly in proportion to the administered oral paclitaxel dose. By examining tumour tissue using a TUNEL assay and immunohistochemical staining with anti-CD31 as a marker of endothelial differentiation, respectively, it was confirmed that oral paclitaxel induced apoptosis and exerted an anti-angiogenetic effect in tumour tissues. Further, downregulation of cyclin D1 in tumour tissues suggested that oral paclitaxel induced cell cycle arrest in tumour tissues in-vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that paclitaxel may have anti-cancer effects on CMGC through cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, and anti-angiogenesis. This study could provide a novel approach to treat CMGC.

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An effective way to reduce emotional distress is by sharing negative emotions with others. This is why counseling with a virtual counselor is an emerging methodology, where the sharer can consult freely anytime and anywhere without having to fear being judged. To improve counseling effectiveness, most studies so far have focused on designing verbal compassion for virtual counselors. However, recent studies showed that virtual counselors' nonverbal compassion through eye contact, facial mimicry, and head-nodding also have significant impact on the overall counseling experience. To verify this, we designed the virtual counselor's nonverbal compassion and examined its effects on counseling effectiveness (i.e., reduce the intensity of anger and improve general affect). A total of 40 participants were recruited from the university community. Participants were then randomly assigned to one of two virtual counselor conditions: a neutral virtual counselor condition without nonverbal compassion and a compassionate virtual counselor condition with nonverbal compassion (i.e., eye contact, facial mimicry, and head-nodding). Participants shared their anger-inducing episodes with the virtual counselor for an average of 16.30 min. Note that the virtual counselor was operated by the Wizard-of-Oz method without actually being technically implemented. Results showed that counseling with a compassionate virtual counselor reduced the intensity of anger significantly more than counseling with a neutral virtual counselor (F(1, 37) = 30.822, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.454). In addition, participants who counseled with a compassionate virtual counselor responded that they experienced higher empathy than those who counseled with a neutral virtual counselor (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that nonverbal compassion through eye contact, facial mimicry, and head-nodding of the virtual counselor makes the participants feel more empathy, which contributes to improving the counseling effectiveness by reducing the intensity of anger.

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BACKGROUND: An accurate and easily accessible method for diagnosing malignancies in local veterinary clinics has not yet been established. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the usefulness of serum thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) protein and its autoantibody as tumor biomarkers in dogs. ANIMALS: Serum samples from 1702 dogs were collected from local animal hospitals and referral animal medical centers in South Korea. METHODS: TK1 protein OD value and TK1 autoantibody ratio (TK1 autoantibody OD/total IgG OD) in serum samples of dogs classified into healthy controls, group with nontumor disease, group with benign and group with malignant tumors were measured using lateral flow immunochromatographic assay methods. RESULTS: TK1 autoantibody levels were significantly higher in malignant tumor group (median 0.71) than in healthy controls (median 0.34), group with nontumor disease (median 0.34), and group with benign tumor (median 0.32, Welch t test, P < .0001). They were also significantly different among dogs with carcinomas (median 0.77), hematopoietic tumors (median 0.71), and sarcomas (median 0.56) than in healthy controls (median 0.34, post hoc Games-Howell test, P < .0001). In the receiver operating characteristic curve of TK1 protein, AUC was 0.633 (95% CI: 0.592-0.675, P < .0001). The AUC of TK1 autoantibody ratio was 0.758 (95% CI: 0.723-0.793, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: TK1 autoantibody is a potentially useful biomarker for differentiating between healthy and tumor-bearing dogs, better than TK1 protein measurement. However, both were inadequate when used as single biomarkers for screening dogs to discover occult malignant tumors.

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BACKGROUND/AIM: Nuclear matrix protein-22 (NMP-22) is widely used in human medicine as a prognostic and diagnostic tool for urothelial carcinoma (UC). In addition, the use of urinary exosomes as a liquid biopsy tool is emerging for the diagnosis of certain types of cancer in human medicine. This study aimed to investigate the change in urinary exosomal NMP-22 for the diagnosis of UC in dogs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Among canine patients who visited the veterinary hospital, urine was collected from those whose owners provided consent. A total of 23 dogs (UC group, n=6; control group, n=17) were included in the analysis. After exosomes were isolated from the urine, NMP-22 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: In the UC group, the expression of NMP-22 in urinary exosomes was significantly higher than that in non-UC groups (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: NMP-22 is significantly increased in exosomes in the urine of dogs diagnosed with UC, suggesting that urinary exosome NMP-22 can be considered as one of the liquid biopsy tools for diagnosing UC in dogs.

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BACKGROUND: Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology (MUE) is a comprehensive term for non-infectious inflammatory brain diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by abnormal autoimmune responses. This study aims to compare the differences in survival and clinical response of MUE according to the adjuvant immunosuppressant use. Medical records of 82 dogs diagnosed with MUE were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: The overall survival time was 769 days (range 14-2687 days). The median survival time for each adjunctive was: leflunomide 1035 days (range 126-2163 days), mycophenolate mofetil 865 days (range 39-2191 days), cyclosporin 441 days (range 11-2176 days), cytosine arabinoside 754 days (range 6-1898 days) and a combination of mycophenolate mofetil and cytosine arabinoside 132 days (range 23-1227 days). There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of adverse events according to the immunosuppressants, but moderate to severe anemia was confirmed in 3 patients (18.7%) in the leflunomide group. CONCLUSIONS: The survival time and response rate of MUE dogs differed depending on which adjunctive immunosuppressants were used. Leflunomide showed a long survival time and a relatively good response rate in dogs with MUE. However, a large-scale further study with standardized doses of immunosuppressants and supportive treatment and constant monitoring interval is needed.

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A 2-year-old, spayed female, Bichon Frise dog was presented with reluctance to exercise, back pain, and frequent sitting down. Multiple osteolysis, periosteal proliferation, and sclerosis of the vertebral endplates of T11-13 were observed in the radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The bacterial culture of the urine specimen, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the blood, and the antibody tests were positive for Brucella canis. Accordingly, discospondylitis caused by B. canis was diagnosed and doxycycline was administered. The clinical signs resolved and the culture and PCR results were negative afterwards. Doxycycline was discontinued after 6 months. The clinical signs recurred 2 weeks later, and the combination treatment of doxycycline and enrofloxacin was initiated. Though no clinical signs were observed after 9 months and the bacterial cultures and PCR were negative, the antibody titre remained at 1 : 200 or more. The dog will continue taking antibiotics until the antibody titre drops. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a clinical infection of B. canis associated with canine discospondylitis in the Republic of Korea. Although the clinical signs of brucellosis might improve with antibiotic treatment, the disease cannot be cured due to Brucella's various strategies to evade host immune systems. Specifically, it can proliferate and replicate within the host cells, resulting in an environment that makes treatment less effective. Furthermore, owing to its zoonotic potential, owners and veterinarians should consider lifelong management or euthanasia.

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Administering more than 10 times the therapeutic dose of insulin is extremely rare in diabetic dogs and is life threatening with hypoglycemia and seizures if not accompanied by appropriate treatment. A 15-year-old, castrated male miniature poodle dog managed for diabetes presented with depression, disorientation, ataxia, and cluster seizures. The dog had been administered 11.1 U/kg of neutral protamine hegadorn (NPH) insulin (10 times the prescribed dose) 3 h before the onset of symptoms. Blood analysis revealed hypoglycemia, with a circulating glucose level of <50 mg/dL. To treat the hypoglycemia-induced seizures, dextrose was repeatedly administered intravenously. Repeated generalized seizures were treated with anticonvulsants and intermittent mannitol. Since refractory hypoglycemia persisted 24 h after the insulin overdose, it was decided to proceed with glucagon treatment (15-30 ng/kg/min titrated to the blood glucose level after a loading dose of 50 ng/kg intravenous bolus infusion). After 37 h of glucagon treatment, blood glucose levels stabilized. After entering a hyperglycemic state, NPH insulin was administered to manage insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. This is the first case documented of successful treatment with glucagon, anticonvulsants and intermittent mannitol for refractory hypoglycemia and seizure caused by fatal insulin overdose. Thus, it has great clinical value in veterinary medicine.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes a rapid deterioration in cognitive and physical functions, including problem-solving, memory, language, and daily activities. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered a risk factor for AD, and early diagnosis and treatment of MCI may help slow the progression of AD. Electroencephalography (EEG) analysis has become an increasingly popular tool for developing biomarkers for MCI and AD diagnosis. Compared with healthy elderly, patients with AD showed very clear differences in EEG patterns, but it is inconclusive for MCI. This study aimed to investigate the resting-state EEG features of individuals with MCI (n = 12) and cognitively healthy controls (HC) (n = 13) with their eyes closed. EEG data were analyzed using spectral power, complexity, functional connectivity, and graph analysis. The results revealed no significant difference in EEG spectral power between the HC and MCI groups. However, we observed significant changes in brain complexity and networks in individuals with MCI compared with HC. Patients with MCI exhibited lower complexity in the middle temporal lobe, lower global efficiency in theta and alpha bands, higher local efficiency in the beta band, lower nodal efficiency in the frontal theta band, and less small-world network topology compared to the HC group. These observed differences may be related to underlying neuropathological alterations associated with MCI progression. The findings highlight the potential of network analysis as a promising tool for the diagnosis of MCI.