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JUSTIFICACIÓN: El diagnóstico temprano de deterioro cognitivo permite el control de factores de riesgo modificables para prevenir el desarrollo de demencia en edades más tardías. La farmacia comunitaria es un establecimiento sanitario próximo, accesible y de confianza, en el que el farmacéutico a menudo participa en procesos de prevención de la enfermedad. Esto le convierte en un profesional sanitario adecuado para el cribado de deterioro cognitivo.OBJETIVOS: desarrollar un programa de detección precoz de deterioro cognitivo en pacientes mayores de 50 años con queja subjetiva de memoria desde la farmacia comunitaria. Favorecer la creación de equipos multidisciplinares en la detección precoz de la demencia.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se diseñó un estudio observacional transversal mediante entrevista personal estructurada a pacientes con indicios de pérdida de memoria, el cual fue aprobado por el Comité Ético, con número de registro CEEI21/198. Se invitó a participar de forma voluntaria a farmacias de la provincia. Antes de la puesta en marcha del servicio, los farmacéuticos participantes recibieron una formación específica. En la entrevista personal al paciente, tras firmar el correspondiente consentimiento informado, se realizaron tres cuestionarios validados para evaluar su estado cognitivo: Memory Impairment Screening (MIS), Fluidez Verbal Semántica (FVS) y Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire (SPMSQ) de Pfeiffer. Siempre que fue posible, se realizó un cuarto cuestionario: Test del Informador Breve (TIN Breve). La recogida de datos se llevó a cabo a través de la plataforma informática ATENFARMA y se procedió al tratamiento estadístico de los resultados.RESULTADOS/DISCUSIÓN: durante el periodo de tiempo comprendido entre febrero de 2021 y febrero de 2022, han participado 16 farmacias, en las cuales se cribaron un total de 206 pacientes. De ellos, 58 (28 %) presentaban sospecha de deterioro cognitivo. (AU)

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JUSTIFICACIÓN: la osteoporosis es una patología asintomática que se desarrolla de manera lenta pero progresiva sin mostrar síntomas ni signos aparentes; una de las consecuencias de esta enfermedad son las fracturas osteoporóticas y dadas sus consecuencias clínicas y morbimortalidad, supone un importante problema de salud pública en los países desarrollados.OBJETIVOS: diseñar y desarrollar un servicio de identificación de personas en riesgo de padecer fracturas osteoporóticas desde la farmacia comunitaria e incorporarlo en el Catálogo de Servicios Profesionales del MICOF.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica de documentos de sociedades científicas con respecto a las herramientas de cribado para evaluar el riesgo de sufrir fracturas osteoporóticas en función de los factores de riesgo individuales. No existe ningún consenso específico aceptado a nivel nacional ni mundial, sin embargo, de entre todas las escalas, la más utilizada en la práctica clínica para evaluar el riesgo de fractura es la escala FRAX®.RESULTADOS: tras la revisión se decide utilizar el algoritmo propuesto por SEFAC en su curso sobre Osteoporosis consistente en identificar y clasificar los factores de riesgo clínicos, y en evaluar el riesgo de padecer fracturas a través de la escala FRAX®. En aquellos pacientes con un riesgo elevado o intermedio se derivará al médico para la valoración de la realización de una densitometría además de una intervención farmacéutica en estilo de vida (nutrición y actividad física) en prevención primaria y secundaria de la osteoporosis. (AU)

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Light, especially daylight, plays a critical role in human health as the main timer for circadian rhythms. Indoor environments usually lack the correct exposure to daylight and are highly dependent on electric lighting, disrupting the circadian rhythm and compromising the health of occupants. The methodology proposed assesses the combination of natural and electric lighting on circadian rhythms for operational environments. The case study chosen examines a 24/7 laboratory area representing an open-plan shift-work area. Several electric lighting scenarios under different sky conditions have been assessed, considering a variable window size and resulting in a spectrum which establishes the indoor circadian regulation performance according to the amount of light perceived. A set of configurations is presented to determine optimal electric lighting configuration based on natural light conditions in order to ensure a suitable circadian stimulus and the electric lighting flux threshold for different scenarios, benefiting occupants' health while also ensuring energy conservation.

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The present work studies the effectiveness of the use of triacylglycerols (TAGs) for the quantification of olive oil in blends with vegetable oils. The determinations were obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a Charged Aerosol Detector (CAD), in combination with Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression and using interval PLS (iPLS) for variable selection. Results revealed that PLS models can predict olive oil concentrations with reasonable errors. Variable selection through iPLS did not improve predictions significantly, but revealed the chemical information important in the chromatogram to quantify olive oil in vegetable oil blends.

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An accurate timing of parturition is very useful for managing canine parturition. It is generally accepted that parturition in bitches occurs between 64 and 66 days after the luteinizing hormone peak. In this retrospective study, we determined pregnancy length in different breeds and its influencing factors dating it from the estimated day of ovulation (EDO), defined as the day when peripheral plasma level of progesterone (P4) reaches 6 ng/ml. From January 2001 to December 2006, 162 pregnancies in 151 bitches of 53 different breeds were followed. Different parameters concerning the bitch, the litter, the type of semen and the type of reproduction were studied. The mean estimated pregnancy length in the bitch from EDO to parturition was 63.1±2.1 days. The main influencing factors for the pregnancies studied were the breed, the size of the bitch and the number of puppies within the litter.

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This work presents a method for an efficient differentiation of olive oil and several types of vegetable oils using chemometric tools. Triacylglycerides (TAGs) profiles of 126 samples of different categories and varieties of olive oils, and types of edible oils, including corn, sunflower, peanut, soybean, rapeseed, canola, seed, sesame, grape seed, and some mixed oils, have been analyzed. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a charged aerosol detector was used to characterize TAGs. The complete chromatograms were evaluated by PCA, PLS-DA, and MCR in combination with suitable preprocessing. The chromatographic data show two clusters; one for olive oil samples and another for the non-olive oils. Commercial oil blends are located between the groups, depending on the concentration of olive oil in the sample. As a result, a good classification among olive oils and non-olive oils and a chemical justification of such classification was achieved.

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Activation of vasa vasorum (the microvessels supplying the major arteries) at specific sites in the adventitia initiates their proliferation or 'angiogenesis' concomitant with development of atherosclerotic plaques. Haemorrhagic, leaky blood vessels from unstable plaques proliferate abnormally, are of relatively large calibre but are immature neovessels poorly invested with smooth muscle cells and possess structural weaknesses which may contribute to instability of the plaque by facilitation of inflammatory cell infiltration and haemorrhagic complications. Weak neovascular beds in plaque intima as well as activated adventitial blood vessels are potential targets for molecular imaging and targeted drug therapy, however, the majority of tested, currently available imaging and therapeutic agents have been unsuccessful because of their limited capacity to reach and remain stably within the target tissue or cells in vivo. Nanoparticle technology together with magnetic resonance imaging has allowed the possibility of imaging of neovessels in coronary or carotid plaques, and infusion of nanoparticle suspensions using infusion catheters or implant-based drug delivery represents a novel and potentially much more efficient option for treatment. This review will describe the importance of angiogenesis in mediation of plaque growth and development of plaque instability and go on to investigate the possibility of future design of superparamagnetic/perfluorocarbon-derived nanoparticles for imaging of the vasculature in this disease or which could be directed to the adventitial vasa vasorum or indeed intimal microvessels and which can release active payloads directed against primary key external mitogens and intracellular signalling molecules in endothelial cells responsible for their activation with a view to inhibition of angiogenesis.

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OBJECTIVE: Low density lipoprotein (LDL) internalized in the vascular wall and modified by binding to extracellular matrix-proteoglycans (ECM) becomes aggregated (agLDL). AgLDL induces tissue factor (TF) expression and activity in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). TF expression in vascular cells promotes the prothrombotic transformation of the vascular wall. However, the mechanisms by which agLDL induces TF are not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms involved in TF activation by extracellular matrix-modified LDL in human VSMC. METHODS AND RESULTS: AgLDL significantly induces TF expression (real time PCR and Western blot analysis) and procoagulant activity (factor Xa generation test) in human VSMC. HMG-CoA reductase inhibition completely prevents agLDL-induced TF expression and partially inhibits agLDL-TF activation. These effects are reverted by geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) but not by farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), suggesting the involvement of a geranylated protein in agLDL-TF induction. AgLDL increases Rho A translocation (2-fold) from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane in control but not in simvastatin-treated VSMC. Exoenzyme C3, a specific Rho A inhibitor, completely prevents agLDL-induced TF overexpression and partially agLDL-TF activation. Blocking LRP1, the receptor of agLDL, with anti-LRP1 antibodies or inhibiting LRP1 expression by small interference RNA treatment (siRNA-LRP1) impairs agLDL-induced TF overexpression and activation. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that TF induction by agLDL depends on LRP1 expression and requires Rho A translocation to the cellular membrane.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Severe sepsis is a complex syndrome to define, diagnose and treat. This population-based study describes the epidemiology of sepsis in the Region of Madrid, estimates its incidence and mortality, and assesses its impact on hospital stays and costs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The source of information was the Minimum Basic Hospital Data Set from the Region of Madrid in 2001. Severe sepsis cases were defined as discharges with a combination of organic failure and presence or suspicion of infection through a combination of codes previously proposed and utilized. A descriptive study was performed, incidence rates were calculated, lengths of stay and costs were estimated, and mortality was analyzed. RESULTS: 6,968 episodes were identified. Mean age was 62.5 year. 59.7% were male. Annual incidence was 14.1/10,000 inhabitants, being highest for those 84 and older (230.8/10,000). 1.7 infections per episode were detected. More frequently identified microorganisms were Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli and Candida sp. The most frequent organic dysfunctions were renal (39.7%) and respiratory (35.7%). Mortality was 33%. Mortality was higher in cases with more than one organic failure, hepatic dysfunction or cancer. Mean length of stay was 28.9 day. Annual overall costs were 70 million euros. CONCLUSIONS: Severe sepsis is a frequent process, with a high mortality and a significant impact on health care resource utilization.

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Fundamento y objetivo. La sepsis grave es un síndrome complejo de definir, diagnosticar y tratar. Este trabajo de base poblacional describe la epidemiología de la sepsis grave en la Comunidad de Madrid, estima su incidencia y mortalidad y evalúa su impacto en estancias y costes. Pacientes y método. La fuente de información fue el conjunto mínimo básico de datos de la Comunidad de Madrid del año 2001. Se definieron como casos de sepsis grave aquellos en los que existía la presencia de fracaso orgánico y presencia o sospecha de infección a partir de la combinación de códigos de enfermedad y códigos de procedimientos utilizando criterios propuestos y utilizados previamente. Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo, se calcularon tasas poblacionales de incidencia de sepsis, se obtuvieron las estancias medias, se estimó el coste y se analizó la mortalidad por sepsis. Resultados. Se identificaron 6.968 episodios. La edad media fue de 62,5 años. El 59,7% eran hombres. La incidencia anual fue de 14,1/10.000 habitantes, siendo máxima en los mayores de 84 años (230,8/10.000). Se detectaron 1,7 infecciones por episodio. Los microorganismos más frecuentes fueron Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli y Candida sp. Las disfunciones orgánicas más frecuentes fueron renal (39,7%) y respiratoria (35,7%). La mortalidad global fue de un 33% y era superior para los episodios con más de una disfunción orgánica, disfunción hepática, o neoplasia. La estancia media fue de 28,9 días. El coste anual de la atención a la sepsis grave en la Comunidad de Madrid es de 70 millones de euros. Conclusiones. La sepsis grave es un proceso frecuente, presenta una elevada mortalidad y tiene un importante impacto en consumo de recursos asistenciales

Background and objective. Severe sepsis is a complex syndrome to define, diagnose and treat. This population-based study describes the epidemiology of sepsis in the Region of Madrid, estimates its incidence and mortality, and assesses its impact on hospital stays and costs. Patients and methods. The source of information was the Minimum Basic Hospital Data Set from the Region of Madrid in 2001. Severe sepsis cases were defined as discharges with a combination of organic failure and presence or suspicion of infection through a combination of codes previously proposed and utilized. A descriptive study was performed, incidence rates were calculated, lengths of stay and costs were estimated, and mortality was analyzed. Results. 6,968 episodes were identified. Mean age was 62.5 year. 59.7% were male. Annual incidence was 14.1/10,000 inhabitants, being highest for those 84 and older (230.8/10,000). 1.7 infections per episode were detected. More frequently identified microorganisms were Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli and Candida sp. The most frequent organic dysfunctions were renal (39.7%) and respiratory (35.7%). Mortality was 33%. Mortality was higher in cases with more than one organic failure, hepatic dysfunction or cancer. Mean length of stay was 28.9 day. Annual overall costs were 70 million euros. Conclusions. Severe sepsis is a frequent process, with a high mortality and a significant impact on health care resource utilization

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OBJECTIVES: We investigated the relationship between stable decrease in intracranial pressure (ICP) following mannitol administration and variations in regional oxygenation (PtiO2) in severe traumatic brain injured (STBI) patients. METHODS: Fourteen STBI patients (Glasgow Coma Scale score < or = 8) admitted to the neurointensive care unit during a 12-month period were studied. Multiparameter data, including parenchymal tissue oxygen (PtiO2) and carbon dioxide tension, cerebral perfusion pressure, mean arterial pressure; temperature, pH and pressure reactivity index were measured. Point values from 53 mannitol administrations were extracted every five seconds and divided into five consecutive 30-minute epochs. Mean values and trends were identified. Postadministration epoch with maximum decrease in ICP was selected along with the means of the corresponding variables. These data were compared with baseline to derive the delta values. Mean deltaICP was then compared with deltaPtiO2 in each patient using linear correlation. FINDINGS: In patients with ICP0 > 20 mmHg (group A), PtiO2 increased in 69.6% of samples, whereas in group B (ICP0 < 20 mmHg), PtiO2 increased in only 50% of the samples. There was a significant negative correlation between mean deltaICP and deltaPtiO2 in both groups; Group A: r = -0.79 (P = 0.01); Group B: r = -0.92 (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: There is a strong negative correlation between stable decrease in ICP following mannitol administration and improvement in regional oxygenation around the peri-contusional area. The data suggest a potentially favourable interaction between mannitol therapy and cerebral internal milieu in STBI patients.

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A simple and sensitive method has been proposed for the amikacin sulphate determination. It is based on the inhibition of the chemiluminescence (CL) emission generated from the oxidation of luminol in alkaline medium by H2O2 catalyzed by Cu(II), due to the interaction caused by amikacin, which forms a robust complex with the catalyst. The optimization of the experimental and instrumental variables affecting this CL inhibition effect has been carried out using statistical models, based on the application of two-level full factorial and Box-Behnken designs. The performance characteristics of the proposed method have been established, showing that the method is efficient to determine amikacin sulphate in the linear range of 9.89-20 mg/L with a detection limit of 2.97 mg/L. It has been successfully applied to the amikacin sulphate determination in pharmaceutical formulations.

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Flow Injection analysis represents an attractive tool because of its great advantages, such as versatility, speed, high sampling rate and wide applicability in the field of pharmaceutical analysis. However, due to the inherent characteristics of the technique, the choice of the best set of operational and chemical conditions is complicated and the conventional univariate optimisation method present some limitations, mainly due to fact that the interdependence of variables is not considered. In relation to the calibration process, because of the transient character of the signals obtained using FIA manifolds coupled with different detection techniques, different strategies can be used in calibration to solve some problems related to the nature of the signal thereby improving the performance characteristics of the method. This paper offers an overview of different methodologies used in optimisation based on the use of statistically designed experiments and some strategies developed for calibration applied to the analysis of pharmaceuticals.

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INTRODUCTION: Cerebral infarction (CI) can be classified aetiologically in several different ways using explicit diagnostic criteria. However, the extent to which these diagnostic criteria are actually implemented in clinical practice is unknown. Aims. The aim of this study was to analyse the management and use of diagnostic tests in the aetiological diagnosis of CI in two county hospitals and to compare this with the most common recommendations. We also sought to analyse the clinical and demographic variables that may help to explain why these guidelines are not followed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the discharge abstracts of 307 cases of CI attended in two county hospitals between 1999 and 2000 and we analysed the clinical data, diagnostic tests and the final diagnosis. The diagnoses were reorganised using the TOAST, Laussane, NINDS and SEN 98 classifications and we analysed the frequency with which the diagnostic tests were employed in each aetiological subtype. RESULTS: Average age: 71.3 years; 59.3% were males. CAT scans were performed in 97.1% of cases, neurosonology was used in 40.1% and echocardiography was performed in 8.5%. The aetiological diagnosis was: atherothrombotic 22.4%, cardioembolic 10.7%, lacunar 26%, unusual causes 0.3% and unknown causes 1.6%. In 37.4% of cases the diagnosis was given as unspecified CI. On reclassifying the diagnoses according to SEN 98 criteria, we obtained the following: atherothrombotic 19.5%, cardioembolic 2.8%, lacunar 13.7% and of unknown origin 63.5%. 0.6% of the cases were unclassifiable. Factors that exerted an influence on the fact that diagnostic tests were less frequently carried out included age, level of awareness and mortality. The most frequent cause of incomplete studies was the absence of carotid Doppler. CONCLUSIONS: The guidelines for aetiological diagnosis of CI are not often followed. Systematic performance of a neurosonological study would improve aetiological diagnosis of CI.

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A study on using non-parametric statistical methods was carried out to calculate the binding constant of an inclusion complex and to estimate its associated uncertainty. First, a correct evaluation of the stoichiometry was carried out in order to ensure an accurate determination of the binding constant. For this purpose, the modified Benesi-Hildelbrand method had been previously applied. Then, four statistical methods (three non-parametric methods: two bootstrap approaches, the jackknife method and a parametric one: Fieller's theorem) were employed in order to compute the binding constant. The results obtained from applying these methods and the combination of the methods: jackknife after bootstrap and bootstrap after jackknife were compared. The best results in terms of accuracy were obtained from the application of a bootstrap method: the resampling residuals approach. These procedures were applied to the inclusion complex 2-hydroxil-propyl-beta-cyclodextrin-2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic, which shows photochemically-induced fluorescence.

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A system for on-line preconcentration and determination of lead by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was proposed. It was based on the sorption of lead(II) ions on a minicolumn of polyurethane foam loaded with 2-(2-thiazolylazo)-5-dimethylaminophenol (TAM). The optimisation step was carried out using two-level full factorial and Doehlert designs for the determination of the optimum conditions for lead preconcentration. The proposed procedure allowed the determination of lead with a detection limit of 2.2 microg L(-1), and a precision, calculated as relative standard deviation (RSD), of 2.4 and 6.8 for a lead concentration of 50.0 and 10.0 microg L(-1), respectively. A preconcentration factor of 45 and a sampling frequency of 27 samples per hour were obtained. The recovery achieved for lead determination in the presence of several cations demonstrated that this procedure has enough selectivity for analysis of environmental samples. The validation was carried out by analysis of certified reference material. This procedure was applied to lead determination in natural food.

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The exposed hydrophobicity of proteins, which is due to the hydrophobic regions located on their surfaces, enhances the fluorescence intensity of the probe 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate (2,6-TNS) by the formation of a complex. During the hydrolysis of a protein, the average exposed hydrophobicity of the substrate continuously changes with incubation time, and these changes are immediately reflected by a corresponding change in the fluorescence intensity of the 2,6-TNS/substrate complex. Therefore, 2,6-TNS seems to be a good probe to monitor the course of the depolymerization processes of proteins. In this work, bovine serum albumin and alpha-casein have been hydrolyzed both chemically and enzymatically, and the course of the reactions is monitored by using flow-injection analysis (FIA) with fluorescence detection and a buffered aqueous eluant containing 2,6-TNS as the fluorescent probe. Results indicate that the time evolution of the fluorescence intensity of the 2,6-TNS/substrate complex can be correlated with the initial concentration of the parent protein, in mass per unit volume, the hydrolytic activity added, and the time evolution of the mean chain length of the substrate. In addition, because the time elapsed between injection of the sample into the FIA system and measurement of the corresponding fluorescence intensity is only a few seconds, this methodology could be a useful tool for on-line monitoring of processes for the production of protein hydrolysates.

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