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Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, progressive disease with a long-term outcome characterized by significant morbidity, loss of functional capacity, and increased mortality. The cornerstone of therapy includes the appropriate melding of pharmacological, rehabilitative, and surgical treatments. New developments in the care of patients with rheumatoid arthritis have focused on aggressive pharmacological therapy early in the course of the illness, ongoing assessment of disease activity and patient function, and a better understanding of the role of rehabilitative techniques such as therapeutic exercise and behavioral approaches to education. This article synthesizes information from studies on recent advances in the management of rheumatoid arthritis outlining diagnosis and assessment, disability issues, outcome studies, current status of traditional and experimental pharmacological therapies, and new strategies of nonpharmacological treatments aimed at the clinician challenged by this fascinating disorder.

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BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that oral lesions in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be grouped clinically as erythema, discoid lesions, or oral ulcerations. Oral ulcerations have been said to foretell a severe systemic disease flare and the proposal that oral ulcers represent a mucosal vasculitis has been suggested to explain this hypothesis. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to test the hypothesis that oral ulcers in patients with SLE result from vasculitis. METHODS: We studied 10 patients with American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for a diagnosis of SLE who had oral lesions of lupus (six prospectively and four retrospectively) clinically and by routine and immunofluorescence microscopy. Biopsy specimens were reviewed in a single-blinded fashion. RESULTS: In our patients, no oral lesion, regardless of morphology, demonstrated vasculitis histologically. All lesions demonstrated an interface mucositis. CONCLUSION: Our data strongly contradict the hypothesis that leukocytoclastic vasculitis explains a possible unproven correlation between oral ulceration and disease flares in patients with SLE.

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One hundred patients with chest pain and negative coronary arteriography were evaluated for musculoskeletal chest wall findings. Sixty-nine patients had chest wall tenderness. Typical chest pain was evoked by palpation in 16 patients. Tender areas were not found in a control group of patients without chest pain. A diagnosis of fibrositis could be made in five patients, including two in whom chest palpation reproduced typical chest pain. The sternal and xiphoid area, left costosternal junctions, and left anterior chest wall were the areas where tenderness was most common, but no significant differences were found comparing locations of tenderness in those with reproduction of typical pain. There was no significant difference in location, exacerbating factors, or other musculoskeletal symptoms among different groups of patients. Thus, most patients with noncardiac chest pain have chest wall tenderness that is not found in a control group without chest pain. However, reproduction of pain by palpation, a more specific diagnostic finding, is found in a minority of these patients.

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This study examined the differences in gait mechanics, isokinetic knee strength, and flexibility between a group of adults with symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee (n = 15) and an age-, mass-, and gender-matched group of control subjects (n = 15). Both groups performed under similar environmental conditions. Our results suggest that patients with symptomatic OA of the knee have poorer flexibility in both the affected and unaffected legs and demonstrate significantly less (p less than .05) knee angular velocity and, to a lesser extent, knee range of motion during gait. They have an increased loading rate in the unaffected leg after heel strike, exert less peak vertical force during pushoff, and are significantly weaker in both the dominant and nondominant legs compared to adults with no lower extremity disease.

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IgG autoantibodies against antigen in the cytoplasm of cells of the neutrophil-monocyte cell lineage have been found in the sera of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). The indirect immunofluorescence test (IFT) is proving to be a valuable screening test for these antibodies, but obtaining neutrophils for substrate is time-consuming, and interpretation of the fluorescence patterns in ethanol-fixed cells requires considerable experience. We report an improved IFT using HL-60 cells as substrate. The myeloid reactivity of HL-60 cells was characterized and compared to that of neutrophils, with and without prior ethanol fixation. In contrast to neutrophils, myeloperoxidase (MPO) was more completely extracted from HL-60 cells by prior ethanol fixation, eliminating the confusion inherent in trying to distinguish anti-MPO antibodies from Wegener's granulomatosis associated anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (WG-ANCA) in the IFT. The WG-ANCA reactivity remained intact with ethanol fixation, producing a distinct crescent and half-moon pattern of specific immunofluorescence. This WG-ANCA positive pattern was found in 25 sera from 11 WG patients and was absent in over 1200 control sera from patients referred for autoantibody testing.

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Vasculitis encompasses a wide variety of diseases. Because diagnosis may be difficult, a careful evaluation is essential, including a detailed patient history, thorough physical examination, and appropriate laboratory studies. Diagnosis is based on clinicopathologic features that permit identification of the condition. Biopsies are often necessary to confirm a diagnosis. It is important to accurately categorize the vasculitic disorders, since prompt, aggressive therapy with potentially toxic drugs is necessary to avoid irreversible organ system dysfunction.

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Four rheumatologists and 2 radiologists utilized 3 reading techniques to evaluate clinical radiographic progression in selected serial hand and wrist films from 5 rheumatoid arthritis patients. The carpometacarpal radio determinations were the most internally consistent; global assessment and total erosion + joint space narrowing scores showed the best between-method correlations; and the erosion + joint space narrowing scores depicted most sensitively the progression over time which was not affected by immunomodulating agent or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent therapy. In this study, instructed, non-experienced readers detected rheumatoid radiographic progression utilizing readily available scoring techniques.

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Therapeutic exercise in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis may be useful in improving aerobic capacity, strengthening muscles, improving endurance and increasing flexibility. This article reviews the major studies of exercise in these conditions and summarizes the authors recommendations regarding the use of therapeutic exercise in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis osteoarthritis.

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Neurologic sequelae of Paget's disease of bone include involvement of the spinal cord or cauda equina due to mechanical compression by enlarged vertebrae, ischemia caused by a spinal artery, steal syndrome or neoplasm. We describe a patient with Paget's disease of bone who presented with acute cauda equina syndrome due to a spinal epidural hematoma. Clinicians need to recognize this entity since surgical intervention may result in a favorable outcome.

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Prostaglandins are long-chain, saturated, oxygenated fatty acids. Relatively large quantities of prostaglandins have been found in gut mucosa, suggesting that these substances play an important role in gastrointestinal physiology. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) cause damage to the gastric, intestinal, and colonic mucosa in experimental animals and in humans. Prostaglandins protect the gastric mucosa against injury induced by NSAIDs, and this property has been labelled cytoprotection. The mechanisms of cytoprotection have been extensively evaluated and are probably multifactorial, including effects on the gastric mucosal barrier, gastric blood flow, mucus, bicarbonate, and fluid section, ionic transport, cyclic AMP, and surface-active phospholipids. Prostaglandins may also prevent NSAID-induced injury in the small intestine and colon. The mechanisms responsible for prostaglandin protection in the lower gut against injurious agents are unknown. Further studies of the role of prostaglandins in the gut and their relationship to the effects of NSAIDs are needed. The results of these investigations may lead to a better understanding of the importance of prostaglandins in the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, and may provide information regarding actions of NSAIDs on the functional integrity of the gastric, intestinal, and colonic mucosa.

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Conventional radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the craniovertebral junction were evaluated in 12 patients with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and neck pain with or without other neurologic signs or symptoms of cervical myelopathy. MRI demonstrated abnormal soft tissue masses thought to represent pannus in 9 patients. Three patients showed cord or brainstem compression due to pannus or atlantoaxial subluxation. The 3 patients with MRI evidence of cord or brainstem compression had neurologic signs or symptoms of cervical myelopathy, and appropriate therapy was instituted based on these findings. This study indicates that MRI is able to detect abnormal soft tissue masses which probably represent pannus and their relationship to the spinal cord or brainstem, and confirms the utility of the procedure in the management of craniovertebral involvement in RA.

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Fibrositis is a common clinical syndrome characterized by diffuse musculoskeletal pain and multiple tender points on physical examination. The symptoms wax and wane but do not produce severe disability. Although no single treatment is curative, a comprehensive program of patient education, drug therapy and appropriate physical activity is beneficial in many patients.

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We conducted a prospective study comparing minor salivary gland and parotid gland biopsy specimens obtained simultaneously from 24 patients who were undergoing evaluation for primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Adequate tissue for study was obtained with all minor salivary gland biopsies and 19 of 24 parotid gland biopsies. Parotid inflammation was seen in 6 of 11 patients whose minor salivary gland biopsy results indicated SS, but in none of 8 patients who had normal findings on minor salivary gland biopsy. Patients with parotid inflammation were older and had a higher frequency of dry eyes and mouth, abnormal results on Schirmer's test, serious extraglandular involvement, and serologic abnormalities. We conclude that parotid gland biopsy adds very little to the minor salivary gland biopsy in the diagnosis of primary SS, but that parotid inflammatory changes may reflect disease duration and/or severity.

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Chest pain is a frequent patient complaint that requires a careful history and physical examination to determine its cause. Cardiac and esophageal causes of chest pain are common, but musculoskeletal disorders such as Tietze's syndrome, chest wall pain syndromes, fibrositis, inflammatory arthritic conditions, cervical osteoarthritis, and disease of the thoracic spine may also result in chest pain. Musculoskeletal diseases must be differentiated from other causes of chest pain, since specific treatment of these rheumatic conditions often produces good results.

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A randomized clinical trial was performed to evaluate a psychological treatment intervention and a social support program, compared with a control program in which no adjunct treatment was rendered, and their effects upon pain behavior, affect, and disease activity of 53 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The psychological intervention produced significant reductions in patients' pain behavior and disease activity at posttreatment. Significant reductions were also observed in trait anxiety at posttreatment and 6-month followup. Relaxation training may have been the most important component of the psychological intervention. The social support program produced a significant reduction in trait anxiety only at posttreatment. This is the first well-controlled study to demonstrate reduced pain behavior, disease activity, and trait anxiety following psychological treatment.

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In a randomized, double-blind trial, sucralfate therapy, 1 g four times daily, was compared with placebo in 143 symptomatic patients to assess the treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms and gastric mucosal damage associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). All patients followed a fixed regimen of NSAIDs, were assigned to one of two groups based on the presence or absence of gastric erosions at baseline endoscopy, and were then assigned randomly to receive sucralfate or placebo for four weeks. Patients were then followed for up to six months while receiving open-label sucralfate 1 g twice daily to up to 1 g four times daily. After four weeks of double-blind therapy, patients taking either nonsalicylate NSAIDs or long half-life NSAIDs and who were treated with sucralfate experienced a significant reduction in both peptic symptom frequency and intensity (p less than 0.03) as compared with patients receiving placebo. Sucralfate-treated patients with baseline endoscopic lesions showed a significant reduction in lesion scores (p less than 0.005) at four weeks as compared with baseline, whereas no improvement was observed in gastric mucosal lesions of patients given placebo. Long-term sucralfate therapy resulted in continued improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms and gastric lesion scores in patients receiving all types of NSAIDs. The results indicate that sucralfate used in conjunction with NSAIDs may allow patients to continue therapy by relieving gastrointestinal symptoms and mucosal damage associated with NSAID therapy.

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An arthropathy has been recently described in association with human parvovirus infection (HPV-B19). Human parvovirus B19 has also been implicated as the etiologic agent in erythema infectiosum, a childhood exanthem that may occur in adults in association with joint manifestations. In this study, two adults are described, in whom an acute arthropathy and rash developed after contact with children with erythema infectiosum.

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Clinical and genetic studies were analyzed in 47 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who had upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopies. Fifty-three percent of patients with RA had peptic ulcers and/or erosions. Sixty percent of patients with ulcers and/or erosions had a history of peptic ulcer disease. Although a greater number of patients with ulcers and/or erosions was taking regular aspirin or indomethacin, comparable numbers of patients with abnormal and normal endoscopies were using nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Nineteen of the 25 patients (76%) with ulcers and/or erosions had type O blood. Patients with abnormal and normal endoscopies had similar frequencies of GI complaints and fecal blood loss. GI symptoms and occult fecal blood loss, therefore, are not prominent features of upper GI disease in RA. ABO screening may be helpful in determining which patients with RA are at risk for developing peptic ulcers and/or erosions.

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Gastric mucosal damage is a common side effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These drugs may cause gastrointestinal symptoms, gastric erosions, peptic ulcers or upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Therefore, NSAIDs should be used cautiously in patients with a history of gastrointestinal lesions. Drugs that may be useful in preventing or treating NSAID-induced gastric mucosal injury are under intensive clinical investigation.

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