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The extensive use of polypropylene (PP) in various industries has heightened interest in developing efficient methods for recycling and optimising its mixtures. This study focuses on formulating predictive models for the Melt Flow Rate (MFR) and shear viscosity of PP blends. The investigation involved characterising various grades, including virgin homopolymers, copolymers, and post-consumer recyclates, in accordance with ISO 1133 standards. The research examined both binary and ternary blends, utilising traditional mixing rules and symbolic regression to predict rheological properties. High accuracy was achieved with the Arrhenius and Cragoe models, attaining R2 values over 0.99. Symbolic regression further enhanced these models, offering significant improvements. To mitigate overfitting, empirical noise and variable swapping were introduced, increasing the models' robustness and generalisability. The results demonstrated that the developed models could reliably predict MFR and shear viscosity, providing a valuable tool for improving the quality and consistency of PP mixtures. These advancements support the development of recycling technologies and sustainable practices in the polymer industry by optimising processing and enhancing the use of recycled materials.

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OBJECTIVES: Oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) has to compete with other specialties for the best candidates. With the upcoming change of generations (Z and Alpha) and the movement toward gender parity of dentistry, understanding changing preferences and misconceptions is essential. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An online survey was conducted by the German-Association-of-Oral-and-Maxillofacial-Surgery (DGMKG) across German dental schools. The survey collected demographic data, academic background, and career aspirations, with a focus on OMFS. The dental student survey results were compared to a survey given to OMFS Specialists. RESULTS: 637 dental students, mainly female (70%), from 30 German universities participated. 27% had defined career aspirations post-graduation, with self-employment and academia being popular choices. 67% were unsure. Specializations leaned towards restorative dentistry (41%), orthodontics (36%), and prosthodontics (31%). While 73% showed interest in surgical practices, 20% were attracted in specializing in OMFS. Of those averse to OMFS, 78% cited long training duration as the deterrent, 12% were put off by perceived unattractive working hours. Other reasons included negative undergraduate experiences, scarcity of part-time positions, and perceived inadequate earnings. CONCLUSION: Accurate data is crucial for career decisions. OMFS societies must proactively share accurate information and guide students. OMFS offers family-friendly hours, and while its training might be longer than dental specialties, it is on par with other surgical professions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dental students consistently regard OMFS as commendable career path. To guarantee sustained OMFS expertise, it is imperative to nurture this interest through dedicated academic mentorship and innovative education, thereby solidifying their professional direction.

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BACKGROUND: Despite its increasing popularity, to our knowledge the use of social media applications (SM) for residents' training in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS) has not been investigated yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of SM applications by OMFS residents for post-graduate training in Germany. METHODS: For explorative assessment, an online questionnaire containing 27 questions about the current use of SM for resident training was sent to OMFS residents in Germany. RESULTS: Sixty-four colleagues participated to the study. Thirty-four participants (54%) responded to regularly use those platforms mainly for OMFS-related content. YouTube (65%, n = 37), Instagram (48%, n = 27), ResearchGate (25%, n = 14) and WhatsApp (16%, n = 9) were the most popular platforms. (Surgical) videos (97%, n = 59), pictures and graphics (82%, n = 50) were the mainly accessed contents. Forty-four participants (69%) stated that SM substantially contributed to their OMFS training. Dentoalveolar surgery and implantology (66%, n = 35) and aesthetic facial surgery (55%, n = 29) content contributed most to OMFS resident training. Fifty-one participants (80%) recommended an official SM account of the DGMKG. CONCLUSIONS: SM is frequently used by OMFS residents for the consumption of training-related content. There is an imbalance toward dentoalveolar and facial aesthetic surgery regarding the presented content. Academic institutions and societies should complement their educational activities to not miss this emerging educational innovation. Official SM content by academic institutions and societies could contribute to the existing educational activities.

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PURPOSE: To retrospectively compare the high-angled sagittal split osteotomy (HOO) and the bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) for the correction of skeletal dysgnathias regarding intra- and postoperative complications. METHODS: The electronic medical records of all patients treated with an orthognathic surgery at the Department for Oral, Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany, between the years 2009 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Two hundred ninety-one patients were included. The overall complication rates were 19.78% (BSSO) compared to 12.5% (HOO) (p = 0.14). Significant differences were found regarding the operation time (HOO < BSSO, p = 0.02), material failure (HOO > BSSO, p = 0.04), and early recurrence requiring revision surgery (HOO < BSSO, p = 0.002). The use of a ramus plate significantly reduced the risk of plate failure (2.8% < 13.6%, p = 0.05). More bad splits (p = 0.08) and early sensory disorders (p = 0.07) occurred in the BSSO group. CONCLUSION: The HOO presents a possible alternative to the BSSO since newly developed osteosynthesis material significantly reduces the risk of material failure. The BSSO is accompanied by higher risks of developing complications like a bad split and sensory disorders but, however, remains the standard for large anterior-posterior transpositions of the mandible.

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The COVID-19 pandemic required adjustments and limitations in university teaching, thereby challenging teaching concepts in anatomy requiring in-person contact, including the gross anatomy course. Therefore, the present study investigates the impact of COVID-19-associated adjustments on students' perception of the gross anatomy course's importance and quality, students' preferred learning setting and outcome, and their motivation to involve themselves in academic activities, including becoming a future peer-teacher of the course. Using paper-based questionnaires in Ulm, Germany, 397 (response rate: 82.3%) students of the winter term of 2020/2021 were surveyed using quantitative and qualitative items, which were compared with cohorts prior to the pandemic. Students reported a higher global rating on course quality during COVID-19 (pre-COVID-19: 5.3 ± 0.9, during-COVID-19: 5.6 ± 0.7, p < 0.001; 1 = very bad, 6 = very good). Students' perceived importance of the gross anatomy course showed a small but significant increase (pre-COVID-19: 4.2 ± 0.6, during-COVID-19: 4.3 ± 0.6, p < 0.001; 1 = strongly disagree, 6 = strongly agree). Students' motivation to apply as a peer-teacher remained stable, nevertheless, they reported less interest in transferring their knowledge to junior students. Finally, students reported that they spent significantly more learning time alone and their examination grades remained unchanged during the pandemic. Astonishingly, despite radical changes of the teaching environment due to COVID-19, students appreciate the offered teaching and highly valued the gross anatomy course.

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PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to get a cross-sectional overview of the current status of specific organizational procedures, quality control systems, and standard operating procedures for the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing to assist in-house workflow using additive manufacturing in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) in Germany. METHODS: An online questionnaire including dynamic components containing 16-29 questions regarding specific organizational aspects, process workflows, quality controls, documentation, and the respective backgrounds in 3D printing was sent to OMF surgeons in university and non-university hospitals as well as private practices with and without inpatient treatment facilities. Participants were recruited from a former study population regarding 3D printing; all participants owned a 3D printer and were registered with the German Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. RESULTS: Sixty-seven participants answered the questionnaires. Of those, 20 participants ran a 3D printer in-unit. Quality assurance measures were performed by 13 participants and underlying processes by 8 participants, respectively. Standard operating procedures regarding computer-aided design and manufacturing, post-processing, use, or storage of printed goods were non-existent in most printing units. Data segmentation as well as computer-aided design and manufacturing were conducted by a medical doctor in most cases (n = 19, n = 18, n = 8, respectively). Most participants (n = 8) stated that "medical device regulations did not have any influence yet, but an adaptation of the processes is planned for the future." CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrated significant differences in 3D printing management in OMFS, especially concerning process workflows, quality control, and documentation. Considering the ever-increasing regulations for medical devices, there might be a necessity for standardized 3D printing recommendations and regulations in OMFS.

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Background: The ongoing changes in learning and education towards digitalisation have been rapidly accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Especially in dental education where contact to the oral cavity is an integral part of training the chosen digital examination methods and training formats must undergo high requirements to full fill the goal of a real alternative to face-to-face exams. Therefore, this study compared student performance in a newly developed Tele-OSCE with a prior OSCE examinations in presence within an oral- and maxillofacial surgery curriculum. Methods: Study participants were fourth-year (in a five year curriculum) dental students and board certified maxillofacial surgeons (examiners) that took part in a newly developed Tele-OSCE that comprised three five-minute stations (structured facial examination, management mandibular fracture and squamous cell carcinoma) using the zoom® software. Student performance was measured using validated OSCE-Checklists and compared to a previous OSCE examination from the winter term 2019 with the same OSCE stations that was conducted in presence. Significant differences were tested using the Mann-Whitney U test. Furthermore, the new Tele-OSCE was evaluated by students and examiners using previously developed questionnaires. Results: Sixty-six dental students (study group: n=34, summer term 2021, control group: n=32 winter term 2019) and nine examiners participated in the study. Compared to previous non-pandemic OSCEs, there were no significant (p=0.53) differences in overall student performance. Evaluation of the Tele-OSCE showed that the demonstration and rating of practical skills was limited due to missing standard patients or phantoms, however, students did not fear to be misjudged. The demonstration and rating of anamnestic and consultation competencies was seen as unproblematic by students and examiners. Discussion: This pilot-study showed the feasibility of a Tele-OSCE as a formative examination in dental education. However, both students and examiners felt that the demonstration and assessment of practical skills was limited due the new examination format. Nevertheless, Tele-OSCEs might offer an alternative to enable students to complete their dental training.

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Demographic change is having a major impact on the economic and structural development of the healthcare system. People stay active longer and the number of mild traumatic brain injury [mTBI] in patients ≥ 65 years of age consequently increases. The aim of this comparative analysis is to illustrate the impact of demographic change and the increasing treatment of geriatric trauma patients on the cost structure of the health care system using mTBI as an example diagnosis. Patients and Methods: The 12-month retrospective analysis included 220 in-patients treated with mTBI and remunerated under the German Diagnosis Related Group [G-DRG] B80Z. For comparative analysis, the patient population was divided into two study groups according to age [U65 18−64 years, G65 ≥ 65 years]. For the cost and proceeds calculation, itemized cost reports (personnel, supply, material, and equipment costs, etc.) were created. Results: 163 patients U65 and 57 patients G65 were included. In the G65 group, the most frequent accident mechanism was a fall from a short distance (84.1 vs. U65 36.7%; p = 0.007). For the inpatient admission of G65, the use of anticoagulants (p < 0.001) and comorbidity (p = 0.002) played a primary role, while for younger patients it was more neurological symptoms (p < 0.001) and alcohol (p < 0.001) that led to inpatient monitoring. The mean length of hospitalization of G65 patients was significantly longer than that of younger patients (G65 2.4 ± 1.9 days > U65 1.7 ± 0.8 days; p = 0.007) and radiological examinations (G65 94.7% > U65 23.3%; p = 0.013) were performed more frequently. Comparing analysis of the cost and proceeds of U65 vs. G65 results in a proceeds difference of €51,753.91 per year for the G-DRG B80Z compared to U65. Conclusions: It has been shown that there is a difference in costs and proceeds when comparing younger and older patients, resulting in a reimbursement deficit. In view of the demographic development in Europe, flat-rate remuneration will lead to a considerable discrepancy between DRG reimbursement and the coverage of hospitals' running costs. Providing health care to an increasingly aging society represents one of the major personnel and financial challenges for the public health system in the coming decades. Further adaptation of the DRG system to the growing costs caused by older patients is imperative.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the current state of training of German interns in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. A previously tested questionnaire consisting of 53 questions was sent to interns in German OMFS (non-) university hospitals and private practices as an online survey. The questionnaire was adapted to current topics, such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, aspects concerning nighttime and weekend services, overtime hours, surgical logbooks, benefits of academic degrees and support for scientific activities, part-time employment, parental leave and childcare. Next, results of questions from before the COVID-19 pandemic were re-evaluated. The COVID-19 pandemic influenced the clinical work (71.83%) and the current state of training (68.64%) in OMFS of most participants. Nighttime and weekend services are possible for employees in possession of only one degree (87.93% with a medical degree) in most hospitals. Not having one or both doctorate degrees was considered to be a disadvantage by 54.95%. In all, 42.11% of the participants attested to a positive influence of research on their training situation, and 50% reported financial or non-financial research support from the employer. Part-time employment was possible for 78.81% of the participants. The course of training was interrupted more often for women due to parental or maternity leave (10.53% of men and 30.95% of women). A total of 40.71% of the participants reported that childcare was available at the hospital, theoretically. The state of OMFS training in Germany can be referred to as positive. Current and future challenges are diverse, including aspects originating from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, gender aspects, reconciliation of family and work, and flexible working hours. Addressing these topics will ensure OMFS training at the highest surgical level and further increase interns' satisfaction, preserving the specialty's popularity and reception.

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OBJECTIVES: Oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) has undergone pioneering progress through the development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of 3D printing at OMFS university and non-university hospitals and private practices in Germany. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For explorative assessment, a dynamic online questionnaire containing 10-22 questions about the current use of 3D printing and the reasons behind it was sent to OMFS university and non-university hospitals and private practices in Germany by the study group from the German Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (DGMKG). RESULTS: In total, 156 participants responded from university (23 [14.7%]) and non-university hospitals (19 [12.2%]) and private practices without (85 [50.5%]) and with 29 (18.6%) inpatient treatment facility. Highest applications of 3D printing were in implantology (57%), microvascular bone reconstructions (25.6%), and orthognathics (21.1%). Among the participants, 37.8% reportedly were not using 3D printing. Among the hospitals and private practices, 21.1% had their own 3D printer, and 2.5% shared it with other departments. The major reason for not having a 3D printer was poor cost efficiency (37.6%). Possessing a 3D printer was motivated by independence from external providers (91.3%) and rapid template production (82.6%). The preferred printing methods were stereolithography (69.4 %) and filament printing (44.4%). CONCLUSIONS: OMFS 3D printing is established in Germany with a wide range of applications. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The prevalence of 3D printing in hospitals and private practices is moderate. This may be enhanced by future innovations including improved cost efficiency.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to retrospectively review the midface and orbital floor fractures treated at our institution with regard to epidemiological aspects, surgical treatment options and postoperative complications and discuss this data with the current literature. STUDY DESIGN: One thousand five hundred and ninety-four patients with midface and orbital fractures treated at the Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery of the Goethe University Hospital in Frankfurt (Germany) between 2007 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were evaluated by age, gender, etiology, fracture pattern, defect size, surgical treatment and complications. RESULTS: The average patient age was 46.2 (± 20.8). Most fractures (37.5%) occurred in the age between 16 and 35. Seventy-two percent of patients were male while 28% were female. The most common cause of injury was physical assault (32.0%) followed by falls (30.8%) and traffic accidents (17.0%). The average orbital wall defect size was 297.9 mm2 (± 190.8 mm2). For orbital floor reconstruction polydioxanone sheets (0.15 mm 38.3%, 0.25 mm 36.2%, 0.5 mm 2.8%) were mainly used, followed by titanium meshes (11.5%). Reconstructions with the 0.15 mm polydioxanone sheets showed the least complications (p < 0.01, r = 0.15). Eighteen percent of patients who showed persistent symptoms and post-operative complications: 12.9% suffered from persistent hypoesthesia, 4.4% suffered from post-operative diplopia and 3.9% showed intra-orbital hematoma. CONCLUSION: Results of the clinical outcome in our patients show that 0.15 mm resorbable polydioxanone sheets leads to significantly less post-operative complications for orbital floor defects even for defects beyond the recommended 200 mm2.

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INTRODUCTION: The treatment of carious lesions is one of the most fundamental competencies in daily dental practice. However, many commercially available training models lack in reality regarding the simulation of pathologies such as carious lesions. 3D printed models could provide a more realistic simulation. This study provides an exemplary description of the fabrication of 3D printed dental models with carious lesions and assesses their educational value compared to commercially available models in conservative dentistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-stage, controlled cohort study was conducted within the context of a curricular course. A stereolithographic model was obtained from an intraoral scan and then printed using fused deposition modelling. These models were first piloted by experts and then implemented and compared against commercial models in a conservative dentistry course. Experts and students evaluated both models using a validated questionnaire. Additionally, a cost analysis for both models was carried out. RESULTS: Thirteen dentists and twenty-seven 5th year dental students participated in the study. The 3D printed models were rated significantly more realistic in many test areas. In particular, the different tactility and the distinction in colour was rated positively in the 3D printed models. At 28.29€ (compared to 112.36€), the 3D printed models were exceptionally cost-efficient. CONCLUSIONS: 3D printed dental models present a more realistic and cost-efficient alternative to commercial models in the undergraduate training of conservative dentistry.

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BACKGROUND: Registration is most important in navigation-assisted-surgery including the matching between the coordinates of the actual patient space and the medical image. Marker-based techniques mostly include marker application with subsequent radiography. In the edentulous patient, maker-free methods are generally less accurate and reproducible. This new method of a marker-free registration uses the transverse palatal rugae as registration structures. METHODS: (1) Segmentation of bone and hard palatal mucosa from initial 3D imaging (DICOM), (2) Maxillary intraoral-scan with transfer to the 3D imaging using an Iterative-Closest-Point-Algorithm (ICP), (3) Marking digital registration points with holes within IOS-stl, (4) Transformation of the spatially aligned IOS-stl to LabelMap and storage in DICOM (IOS-DICOM), (5) Alignment of DICOM and IOS-DICOM, (6) Controlled positioning of digital reg. points and clinical correlation. RESULTS: Fiducial localization error (0.48 mm) and Target registration error (0.65 mm) is comparable to those of tooth-supported registration methods. CONCLUSION: This approach of marker-free registration for navigation-assisted-surgery could improve the treatment in edentulous patients avoiding additional imaging and invasive marker insertion.

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BACKGROUND: The correct performance of a structured facial examination presents a fundamental clinical skill to detect facial pathologies. However, many students are not adequately prepared in this basic clinical skill. Many argue that the traditional 'See One, Do One' approach is not sufficient to fully master a clinical skill. 'Mental Training' has successfully been used to train psychomotor and technical skills in sports and other surgical fields, but its use in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is not described. We conducted a quasi-experimental to determine if 'Mental Training' was effective in teaching a structured facial examination. METHODS: Sixty-seven students were randomly assigned to a 'Mental Training' and 'See One, Do One' group. Both groups received standardized video instruction on how to perform a structured facial examination. The 'See One, Do One' group then received 60 min of guided physical practice while the 'Mental Training' group actively developed a detailed, stepwise sequence of the performance of a structured facial examination and visualized this sequence subvocally before practicing the skill. Student performance was measured shortly after (T1) and five to 10 weeks (T2) after the training by two blinded examiners (E1 and E2) using a validated checklist. RESULTS: Groups did not differ in gender, age or in experience. The 'Mental Training' group averaged significantly more points in T1 (pE1 = 0.00012; pE2 = 0.004; dE1 = 0.86; dE2 = 0.66) and T2 (pE1 = 0.04; pE2 = 0.008, dE1 = 0.37; dE2 = 0.64) than the 'See One, Do One' group. The intragroup comparison showed a significant (pE1 = 0.0002; pE2 = 0.06, dE1 = 1.07; dE2 = 0.50) increase in clinical examination skills in the 'See One, Do One' group, while the 'Mental Training' group maintained an already high level of clinical examination skills between T1 and T2. DISCUSSION: 'Mental Training' is an efficient tool to teach and maintain basic clinical skills. In this study 'Mental Training' was shown to be superior to the commonly used 'See One, Do One' approach in learning how to perform a structured facial examination and should therefore be considered more often to teach physical examination skills.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the current situation of trainees in OMFS in a nationwide survey at German universities and teaching hospitals. A questionnaire about their training in OMFS and discrimination, gender (in-)equality, and reconcilability of work and family life was sent to many OMFS residents in Germany. Seventy-five questionnaires were included. The average age of the participants was 32.15 years (± 0.75 years); 47 participants were male, 22 female, and 3 "diverse". The participants' overall satisfaction rate was good. Training concepts existed in most of the teaching hospitals (54.67%). 8.11% of the participants stated discrimination existed against men while, 24.32% agreed that discrimination existed against women. Stating that discrimination against women exists, it was associated with female gender (p < 0.001), being married (p = 0.042), and not aiming for further academic degrees (p = 0.009). Overall, the training situation in Germany seems structured in most teaching hospitals. Apart from the residents' general satisfaction with the training concepts, there seems to be a matter of concern regarding discrimination especially against women and the reconcilability of work and family life in OMFS training. Furthering the establishment of structured training concepts might be useful to overcome these issues in the course of training in OMFS.

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AIM: This computational study aimed to evaluate the influence of the angle of the osteotomy when performing a high oblique sagittal osteotomy over the distribution of stress to the osteosynthesis plates and mandibular segments. Material and methods: For this purpose, a finite element analysis of different combinations was carried out based on the osteotomy angle and mandibular mobilization using Autodesk Inventor® resulting in a total of 72 simulations. To check the correlation between the osteotomy angles with respect to the tension in the mandibular structure in different mobilizations, a student t-test was used. Results: The results of the advancement mobilizations (2.5 mm to 5.5 mm) reported increasing values for tension in the probe of the fourth screw and in the probe of the plate surface as the osteotomy angle increased (p-value <10-8). The results of the setback mobilizations (-2.5 mm to -5.5 mm) show comparable values (p-value <10-8). The resulting contact surface between bone segments varies depending on the osteotomy angle, increasing 44.67% from 45° to 70° and decreasing 22.05% when the angle is reduced to 30°. Conclusion: The angle of the osteotomy is a very relevant parameter in the design of the studied mandibular osteotomy, since the distribution of the reported stresses is substantially susceptible to its variation.

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BACKGROUND: The feedback given to students plays an important role in their efficiency related to learning practical skills. In the present study, diverse feedback modalities have been investigated. Our hypothesis is that individualized and unsupervised video feedback can produce a similar learning experience as performing practical skills in an oral and maxillofacial surgery setting with conventional direct expert feedback (control group). METHODS: This prospective, randomized, controlled, and blinded study compared direct expert feedback (DEF), individualized video feedback (IVF) and unsupervised video feedback (UVF). The participants were fourth-year dental students from University Goethe in Frankfurt. The students were assigned to one of the three feedback methods (n = 20 per group) using simple randomization. All participants watched an instruction video for an interdental ('Ernst') ligature and periphery venous catheterization. Next, the students were video recorded performing the tasks by themselves (pre-test). Following this, every student received feedback using one of the above-mentioned feedback modalities. The participants then performed the same task again while being video recorded (post-test) to measure the acquired competence. Six weeks later, the students participated in an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) to evaluate their long-term knowledge retention. All examiners were blinded regarding the students' instructional approach and their affiliation in terms of the learning group. RESULTS: For the interdental ligature, we found significant improvements in performance in each feedback modality group between the pre-test and post-test (p < 0.001). UVF had the strongest effect on performance time. The comparison between each group in the post-test showed no significant differences between the three groups. CONCLUSION: This study showed that IVF and UVF can be considered an alternative or adjunct to conventional methods (i.e. DEF) when learning procedural skills in oral and maxillofacial surgery. However, DEF showed to be the most effective method of feedback and therefore preferable in teaching.

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BACKGROUND: Teaching complex motor skills at a high level remains a challenge in medical education. Established methods often involve large amounts of teaching time and material. The implementation of standardized videos in those methods might help save resources. In this study, video-based versions of Peyton's '4-step Approach' and Halsted's 'See One, Do One' are compared. We hypothesized that the video-based '4-step Approach' would be more effective in learning procedural skills than the 'See One, Do One Approach'. METHODS: One-hundred-two naïve students were trained to perform a structured facial examination and a Bellocq's tamponade with either Halsted's (n = 57) or Peyton's (n = 45) method within a curricular course. Steps 1 (Halsted) and 1-3 (Peyton) were replaced by standardized teaching videos. The performance was measured directly (T1) and 8 weeks (T2) after the intervention by blinded examiners using structured checklists. An item-analysis was also carried out. RESULTS: At T1, performance scores significantly differed in favor of the video-based '4-step Approach' (p < 0.01) for both skills. No differences were found at T2 (p < 0.362). The item-analysis revealed that Peyton's method was significantly more effective in the complex subparts of both skills. CONCLUSIONS: The modified video-based version of Peyton's '4-step Approach' is the preferred method for teaching especially complex motor skills in a large curricular scale. Furthermore, an effective way to utilize Peyton's method in a group setting could be demonstrated. Further studies have to investigate the long-term learning retention of this method in a formative setting.

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BACKGROUND: Recent advances in 3D printing technology have enabled the emergence of new educational and clinical tools for medical professionals. This study provides an exemplary description of the fabrication of 3D-printed individualised patient models and assesses their educational value compared to cadaveric models in oral and maxillofacial surgery. METHODS: A single-stage, controlled cohort study was conducted within the context of a curricular course. A patient's CT scan was segmented into a stereolithographic model and then printed using a fused filament 3D printer. These individualised patient models were implemented and compared against cadaveric models in a curricular oral surgery hands-on course. Students evaluated both models using a validated questionnaire. Additionally, a cost analysis for both models was carried out. P-values were calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Thirty-eight fourth-year dental students participated in the study. Overall, significant differences between the two models were found in the student assessment. Whilst the cadaveric models achieved better results in the haptic feedback of the soft tissue, the 3D-printed individualised patient models were regarded significantly more realistic with regard to the anatomical correctness, the degree of freedom of movement and the operative simulation. At 3.46 € (compared to 6.51 €), the 3D-printed patient individualised models were exceptionally cost-efficient. CONCLUSIONS: 3D-printed patient individualised models presented a realistic alternative to cadaveric models in the undergraduate training of operational skills in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Whilst the 3D-printed individualised patient models received positive feedback from students, some aspects of the model leave room for improvement.

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