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La extensión completa de la rodilla es esencial para la marcha. Los pacientes con parálisis cerebral infantil con frecuencia pueden tener déficit de extensión de distinta magnitud, lo que compromete la marcha e incluso la bipedestación. El tratamiento de la contractura en flexión de rodilla parte por tratar la espasticidad de los músculos comprometidos y con fisioterapia. Cuando el flexo es estructurado, el tratamiento es quirúrgico mediante distintas técnicas, dependiendo de la magnitud de la contractura y de la edad del paciente. Las técnicas sobre partes blandas incluyen alargamientos funcionales de isquiotibiales y transferencias musculares. Cuando la contractura es capsular, es preferible realizar cirugía ósea, la cual extiende el fémur proximal, ya sea en forma progresiva, mediante fisiodesis anterior en pacientes pediátricos, o en forma aguda, mediante osteotomía extensora del fémur distal. Con frecuencia existe una patela alta, la cual hay que corregir en el mismo acto quirúrgico para mantener la eficiencia del aparato extensor

Full knee extension is essential for gait. Patients with cerebral palsy frequently have extension deficits of different magnitudes, which compromise walking and even standing up. The treatment of knee flexion contracture begins by addressing the spasticity of the involved muscles and includes physical therapy. For structured extension deficits, the treatment is surgical, using different techniques depending on the magnitude of the contracture and the patient's age. Soft tissue techniques include functional hamstring lengthening and muscle transfers. For capsular contracture, bone surgery is preferable and extends the proximal femur either progressively, through anterior physiodesis in pediatric patients, or acutely, by extensor distal femoral osteotomy. A high patella is common and requires correction during the same surgical procedure to maintain the efficiency of the extensor apparatus

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INTRODUCTION: Hispanics report higher rates of problematic alcohol use compared to non-Hispanic Whites while also reporting lower rates of alcohol treatment utilization compared to non-Hispanics. The study employs Anderson's Behavioral Model of Healthcare Utilization Model to guide the exploration of alcohol use, help-seeking and healthcare utilization. METHODS: The present qualitative study explored help-seeking and alcohol treatment utilization for Hispanic men of Mexican ethnicity. A total of 27 participants (Mage = 35.7, SD = 10.82) completed a semi-structured interview that explored the treatment experiences and underlying psychological mechanisms that shaped their help-seeking. RESULTS: Through a thematic content analysis, the following themes emerged: 1) perceiving need with subthemes of familismo, role as protector and provider, and positive face; 2) predisposing beliefs on help-seeking; and 3) treatment experiences and elements of patient satisfaction with subthemes of monetized treatment, respect, and perceiving professional stigma. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this article may assist in improving strategies for increasing alcohol treatment utilization among men of Mexican ethnicity. By exploring beliefs, values, and experiences health researchers can develop culturally informed intervention strategies.

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En Colombia, para 2020, el cáncer de pulmón se reportó como la segunda neoplasia con mayor incidencia y la primera con mayor tasa de mortalidad según las cifras del minis-terio de salud de Colombia. El compromiso peritoneal en el cáncer de pulmón es algo extremadamente raro, se considera <1%. A continuación, exponemos un caso de car-cinomatosis peritoneal en cáncer de pulmón en un hospital en la ciudad de Bogotá. Se incorpora una posterior revisión descriptiva de la literatura de los casos clínicos de car-cinomatosis peritoneal en cáncer de pulmón reportados en la literatura mundial en los últimos 20 años, con el objetivo de resumir las principales características de estos pa-cientes que permiten plantear hipótesis de su enfoque terapéutico y pronóstico

In Colombia for 2020, lung cancer was reported as the fifth neoplasm with the highest incidence and the second with the highest mortality rate. Peritoneal involvement in lung cancer is extremely rare, it is considered <1%. Next, we present a case of peritoneal car-cinomatosis in lung cancer in Bogotá, with a subsequent literature review of the litera-ture of clinical cases of peritoneal carcinomatosis in lung cancer reported in the world li-terature in the last 20 years. The aim is to summarize the main characteristics of these patients that allow to hypothesize their prognostic and therapeutic approach

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In Colombia, renal cancer is a rare condition, with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) being the most prevalent neoplasm. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have been proposed for the management of metastatic disease, as they have shown improved rates of response and long-term survival. Furthermore, they exhibit a favourable tolerance profile, and adverse events causing significant morbidity are infrequent. We report the case of a 61-year-old male patient initially diagnosed with early-stage ccRCC who underwent right nephrectomy in 2009. Six years later, disease recurrence with metastatic compromise was documented, which led to the resection of the L1 vertebral body followed by radiotherapy and maintenance treatment with sunitinib. Due to disease progression, treatment with sunitinib was discontinued. Subsequently, everolimus was initiated as second-line immunotherapy, which was later discontinued due to the appearance of new metastatic lesions. In 2017, the patient was referred to our institution, where a third-line pharmacological treatment with nivolumab was initiated. In 2022, complete remission by positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) was evidenced, which has been sustained to date. This case demonstrates the efficacy and safety of ICI in patients with metastatic ccRCC. The case presented is relevant in that it describes the achievement of complete remission in a patient who did not respond to the first two lines of immunotherapy. Given the limited literature regarding the discontinuation of therapy after achieving sustained remission, further research is warranted to explore this topic.

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INTRODUCTION: The ACHOCC-19 study was performed to characterize COVID-19 infection in a Colombian oncological population. METHODOLOGY: Analytical cohort study of patients with cancer and COVID-19 infection in Colombia. From April 1 to October 31, 2020. Demographic and clinical variables related to cancer and COVID-19 infection were collected. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality from all causes. The association between the outcome and the prognostic variables was analyzed using logistic regression models and survival analysis with Cox regression. RESULTS: The study included 742 patients; 72% were >51 years. The most prevalent neoplasms were breast (132, 17.77%), colorectal (92, 12.34%), and prostate (81, 10.9%). Two hundred twenty (29.6%) patients were asymptomatic and 96 (26.3%) died. In the bivariate descriptive analysis, higher mortality occurred in patients who were >70 years, patients with lung cancer, ≥2 comorbidities, former smokers, receiving antibiotics, corticosteroids, and anticoagulants, residents of rural areas, low socioeconomic status, and increased acute-phase reactants. In the logistic regression analysis, higher mortality was associated with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) 3 (odds ratio [OR] 28.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.2-99.6); ECOG PS 4 (OR 20.89; 95% CI, 3.36-129.7); two complications from COVID-19 (OR 5.3; 95% CI, 1.50-18.1); and cancer in progression (OR 2.08; 95% CI, 1.01-4.27). In the Cox regression analysis, the statistically significant hazard ratios (HR) were metastatic disease (HR 1.58; 95% CI, 1.16-2.16), cancer in progression (HR 1.08; 95% CI, 1.24-2.61) cancer in partial response (HR 0.31; 95% CI, 0.11-0.88), use of steroids (HR 1.44; 95% CI, 1.01-2.06), and use of antibiotics (HR 2.11; 95% CI, 1.47-2.95). CONCLUSION: In our study, patients with cancer have higher mortality due to COVID-19 infection if they have active cancer, metastatic or progressive cancer, ECOG PS >2, and low socioeconomic status. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study's findings raise the need to carefully evaluate patients with metastatic cancer, in progression, and with impaired Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group status to define the relevance of cancer treatment during the pandemic, consider the risk/benefit of the interventions, and establish clear and complete communication with the patients and their families about the risk of complications. There is also the importance of offering additional support to patients with low income and residence in rural areas so that they can have more support during cancer treatment.

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Resumen Ante la pandemia COVID 19, declarada en marzo de 2020 por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), desde la Asociación Colombiana de Hematología y Oncología (ACHO) hemos venido emitiendo comunicaciones destinadas a orientar a los profesionales de la salud implicados en el tratamiento de pacientes hematológicos y oncológicos. Consideramos importante realizar una nueva actualización dada la fase de mitigación de la pandemia que actualmente estamos enfrentando y ante el planteamiento gubernamental de desdescalonamiento progresivo, de la cuarentena. Estas recomendaciones no pretenden imponer una conducta única pues entendemos que cada caso es particular y debe actuarse individualizando a cada situación específica. Están basadas en documentos emitidos por asociaciones científicas oncológicas y hematológicas reconocidas y son susceptibles de sufrir modificaciones a medida que se disponga de mayor información.

Abstract In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, declared in March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Colombian Association of Hematology and Oncology (ACHO) has been issuing communications aimed at providing guidance to health professionals involved in the treatment of hematological and oncological patients. Considering the pandemic mitigation phase we are currently facing, and the government's approach to progressively tapering-off the quarantine, we deem it important to release a new update. These recommendations are not intended to impose a single conduct, since we understand that each case has particular characteristics and therefore it must be acted upon by individualizing each specific situation. The recommendations are based on documents issued by well-known cancer and hematological scientific associations, and are subject to change as more information becomes available.

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The aim of this study was to perform a population pharmacokinetic analysis of tacrolimus in Mexican adult kidney transplant patients to analyse the influence of clinical and genetic covariates to propose a dosage regimen. Kidney transplant patients (>18 years old) receiving oral tacrolimus treatment were included in the current study. The population pharmacokinetic model was built using a one-compartment model and the First Order Conditional Estimation method with Interaction (FOCEI via NONMEM v.7.3.). A total of 600 tacrolimus trough blood concentrations from 52 kidney transplant patients were analysed. Tacrolimus clearances were 26, 18.8 and 12.3 L/h, for patients with genetic polymorphisms CYP3A5*1*1, *1*3 and *3*3, respectively. The influence of haematocrit was inversely related to tacrolimus clearance, following an allometric power function. Total volume of distribution was 604 L. Interindividual variability associated with tacrolimus clearance and distribution volume for the final model was 33 and 63%, respectively, with a residual error of 2.5 ng/mL. Relative bioavailability was calculated between generic formulations A (0.53) and B (1) of tacrolimus. Internal validation was performed through bootstrap analysis to evaluate the stability of the final model; external validation was performed in a new group of patients (n = 13) to estimate residual errors on basic (57.8%) and final (34.8%) models. Finally, stochastic simulations were performed to propose a dosage regimen based on haematocrit, CYP3A5 genotype and generic formulation of tacrolimus. A stable and predictive population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus was developed for Mexican adult kidney transplant patients; additionally, the proposed dosage regimen of tacrolimus should be prospectively validated.

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El angiomiolipoma renal es el tumor mesenquimal benigno más común, y representa el 3 % de los tumores renales. Es más frecuente en mujeres y puede presentarse de forma esporádica o asociado al complejo de esclerosis tuberosa. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 59 años de edad, sin antecedentes médicos de importancia, que consultó por dolor abdominal intenso. Al examen físico se detectó masa palpable en flanco derecho. En la tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) abdominal se demostró una masa retroperitoneal derecha heterogénea, con algunos acúmulos de grasa y sangrado activo que sugiere el diagnóstico de síndrome de Wünderlich asociado a angiomiolipoma. La resonancia magnética (RM) confirmó la dependencia de la masa del polo renal derecho y se descartó una invasión de la vena cava inferior. Se realizó embolización arterial selectiva renal derecha y nefrectomía parcial con evolución favorable. El angiomiolipoma renal con rotura espontánea es una entidad poco frecuente y potencialmente mortal. Debe ser considerado cuando en las imágenes diagnósticas se documenta una masa renal con focos de grasa y sangrado activo sin calcificaciones. El abordaje terapéutico debe ser multidisciplinario, con tendencia al tratamiento conservador.

Renal angiomyolipoma is the most common benign mesenchymal tumor, accounting for 3% of renal tumors, is more common in women and can occur sporadically or associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. A case of a 59 years old female patient is presented, with no medical history of importance, who consulted for severe abdominal pain and a palpable mass at the right flank during physical examination. Abdominal CT documented a right retroperitoneal heterogeneous mass, with some fat deposits, and active bleeding, suggesting the diagnosis of Wunderlich syndrome associated with angiomyolipoma. MRI confirmed the mass dependence of the right renal pole and Inferior Vein Cava (IVC) invasion is discarded. Selective renal arterial embolization and partial right nephrectomy was performed with favorable evolution. Renal angiomyolipoma with spontaneous rupture is a rare and potentially fatal entity. It should be considered when diagnostic imaging in the presence of renal mass with fatty areas and bleeding without calcification. The therapeutic approach should be multidisciplinary, with a tendency to conservative treatments.

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Se presenta un caso clínico poco frecuente de feocromocitoma bilateral, en el cual los estudios de diagnóstico por imagen, tanto de información estructural como funcional, constituyeron una fuente fundamental para su detección y seguimiento.

We report a rare case of bilateral pheochromocytoma, in which imaging studies, both of structural and functional information, were a major source for its detection and follow-up.

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INTRODUCTION: In April 1991 was performed the first kidney transplant at the Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto. In August 1999, formally started the kidney transplant program. OBJECTIVE: To describe the experience in kidney transplant at HCIMP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study, which includes all kidney transplants performed during the period August 1999 to June 2011. We excluded patients whose medical record was eliminated or with incomplete data for analysis. It describes the general characteristics of kidney transplant recipients, transplant-related variables, initial immunosuppression and complications. The survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The curves were compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS: From August 1999 to June 2011 were performed 517 kidney transplants at Central Hospital, of which 411 patients were analyzed. Ten years overall graft-survival was 73%. Both, the history of infection or acute rejection were associated with lower graft survival. The main cause of death, in our population, was infectious processes. CONCLUSION: Graft survival at 10 years was 73%, which is similar to that reported in the literature. A history of acute rejection and infection are factors associated with lower survival.

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Objetivo: identificar la población de pacientes con diagnóstico de Mieloma Múltiple (MM) de novo que consulta a la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá entre los años 1983 y 2006, con el fin de determinar las características clínicas, de laboratorio e imágenes. Pacientes y métodos: se evaluaron las historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico nuevo de mieloma múltiple, durante el periodo de tiempo establecido. Resultados: se identificaron 54 pacientes: 56% hombres, 26% menores de 50 años, edad media de presentación 58 años. El 44% de los pacientes ingresó por urgencias. El motivo de consulta fue dolor óseo en 46% seguido por dolor lumbar en el 43%. Estadio III a su ingreso 80%. Anemia fue el hallazgo más frecuente 70%, hipercalcemia 24%, y creatinina (>2,5 mg/dl) 20% y ß2 microglobulina elevada en 90%. El isotipo más frecuente fue IgG en 54% seguido de IgA en 26%. 35% de los pacientes con plasmocitos anormales en médula ósea (MO) > 50%. Conclusiones: se encontró al momento del diagnóstico un estadio avanzado de la enfermedad con carga tumoral elevada, hay mayor incidencia en pacientes jóvenes y mayor compromiso renal que en estudios similares previamente publicado . Las características clínicas y los hallazgos de laboratorio, excepto por una mayor incidencia de IgM, son similares a los resultados publicados. Se deben realizar estudios similares a mayor escala para poder ubicar en un contexto real el impacto del mieloma múltiple en Colombia.

Objective: to identify the population of patients with new diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma (MM) that consults to the Fundacion Santa Fe de Bogota between the years of 1983 to 2006, with the purpose of determine the clinical, laboratory and images features. Patients and methods: review of patients chart with new diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma for the period of established time. Results: 54 patients were identified: 56% were men, 26% were younger than 50 years, average age of presentation: 58 years, 44% of patients were admitted thru emergency room. The main reason for consultation was bone pain in 46% followed by lumbar pain in 43%. Stage III were diagnosed in the 80% of the population at the time of admittance.Anemia was the most frequent finding (70%), followed by hypercalcemia (24%) and creatinine [> 2,5 mg/dl] (20%). An elevated ß2 mycroglobulin were found in 90%. The most frequent isotype was IgG in 54% followed by IgA in 26%; 35% of the patients has abnormal plasmocytes in bone marrow (BM) > 50%. Conclusions: an advanced stage of the disease with elevated tumorlike load was present at the time of the diagnosis, with major incidence in young patients and greater renal compromise than in similar studies previously published. The clinical characteristics and the laboratory findings except by a greater incidence of IgM are similar to the previous published results. Similar studies to a greater scale are due to realize to be able to locate in a real context the impact of multiple myeloma in Colombia.