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BACKGROUND: Histiocytic sarcoma is a rare malignant tumor that is similar in characteristics to a mature histiocyte/macrophage and is a relatively new disease entity. In approximately one-third of cases, the site of origin is a lymph node; development from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, soft tissue, and skin has further been reported. The tumor characteristics are not well-understood as reports on its clinical presentation and treatment are limited. We report a case of duodenal primary histiocytic sarcoma. CASE PRESENTATION: An elevated lesion in the second part of the duodenum was detected in a 70-year-old woman during routine examination using upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy. Blood biochemistry findings were normal for tumor markers. No abnormal findings were observed in the blood count and biochemical examination. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a 20-mm elevated lesion with a slight depression in the center, opposite to the papilla of the descending duodenum. The biopsy showed erosions of the mucosal epithelium and inflammatory cell infiltration, but no evidence of malignancy. Ultrasound-guided endoscopy revealed an ischemic tumor of submucosal origin, and bowel biopsy suggested a histiocytic sarcoma. Distant metastasis and lymph node enlargement were absent on abdominal sonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Duodenal segmental resection was performed. Immunostaining of the excised lesion was positive for CD68, CD163, CD4, CD5, CD15, and CD45 and negative for CD1a, CD21, CD34, MPO, and S-100 protein. Ki-67 positivity was approximately 20%. Based on these findings, the diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma was confirmed. Ten months after the surgery, a lymph node recurrence in the dorsum of the pancreatic uncus was observed. No evidence of recurrence was found in any other part; hence, we performed pancreaticoduodenectomy. Pathological findings of the excised lymph node confirmed the recurrence of histiocytic sarcoma in the lymph node. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first reported case of a duodenal primary histiocytic sarcoma with recurrence in the lymph node after the primary resection. The patient was treated for recurrence by lymph node excision and pancreaticoduodenectomy.

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BACKGROUND: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols are beneficial for pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). Our aim was to evaluate risk factors associated with ERAS protocol failure after PD. METHODS: Clinical variables of 187 patients managed using ERAS protocols between April 2011 and April 2017, including non-early recovery (non-ER) patients, with complications or requiring a hospital stay ≥15 days, and early recovery (ER) patients, were compared. A physical aging (PA) score was devised to predict postoperative risks. RESULTS: Independent risk factors of complications were a pre-albumin level ≤18 mg/dl (odds ratio (OR) 2.197; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.052-4.622), and an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score ≥II (OR 2.195; 95% CI 1.052-4.746). Independent risk factors for hospital stay ≥15 days (P < 0.001) were age ≥70 years (OR 2.438; 95% CI 1.122-5.299) and an ASA score ≥II (OR 2.348; 95% CI 1.109-4.968). The PA score included age, ASA score, and pre-albumin level. The complication rate for each PA score was as follows: score "0", 12.1%; score "1", 18.2%; score "2", 26.9%; score "3", 30.8%; and score "≥4", 47.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced age, poor nutrition, and serious illnesses can cause ERAS protocol failure. The PA score is effective for predicting postoperative progress.

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A 78-year old man underwent low anterior resection for Stage IIIb rectal cancer(Ra). After surgery, he underwent the Roswell Park Memorial Institute(RPMI)regimen for 6 months followed by oral UFT for 8 months. Since liver metastasis(S6)recurred 2 years and 2 months after surgery, he underwent S6 subsegmentectomy. Four years and 4 months later, he developed multiple lymph node metastases(the Virchow, paraaortic, and intrapelvic lymph nodes), for which FOLFIRI therapy was started, but converted to the RPMI regimen because of strong gastrointestinal side effects. After 3 courses of this regimen, tumor markers returned to normal, and imaging studies showed that the metastases had disappeared. This was interpreted as a complete response(CR). The patient has maintained the complete response for 1 year and 4 months since the start of the RPMI regimen.

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BACKGROUND: We report an extremely rare case of concomitant huge exophytic GIST of the stomach and Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP). CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was a 67-year-old man experiencing abdominal distension since September 2006. A physical examination revealed a 25 x 30 cm hard mass that was palpable in the middle and lower left abdomen minimal intrinsic mobility and massive ascites. Since the admitted patient was diagnosed with DIC, surgery could not be performed. The patient received a platelet transfusion and the DIC was treated. Due to this treatment, the platelet count recovered to 7.0 x 10(4); tumor resection was performed at 16 days after admission. Laparotomy revealed a huge extraluminal tumor arising from the greater curvature of the stomach that measured 25 x 30 cm and had not ruptured into the peritoneal cavity or infiltrated other organs. Partial gastric resection was performed. The resected mass measured 25 x 25 x 20 cm. In cross section, the tumor appeared hard and homogenous with a small polycystic area. Histopathology of the resected specimen showed large spindle cell GIST with >5/50 HPF (high-power field) mitotic activity. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the coagulopathy improved rapidly. CONCLUSION: Since the characteristic of tumor in this case was hypervascularity with bleeding and necrotic lesions, coagulopathy was thought to be caused by the trapping of platelets within a large vasculized tumor mass.

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