RESUMEN
Resumen Introducción: La incorporación de tecnologías en la práctica quirúrgica, ha cambiado la forma de enfrentar el proceso quirúrgico. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia de los últimos 9 años, en cirugía ortognática, con la incorporación de la cefalometría 3D. Materiales y Método: Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de pacientes operados de cirugía ortognática durante el período enero de 2011 a agosto de 2018. Se registraron datos demográficos, quirúrgicos, tipo de planificación quirúrgica, complicaciones y resultados a largo plazo. Resultados: 21 pacientes requirieron cirugías ortognáticas. Se realizaron 16 cirugías bimaxilares (76%), 3 cirugías de avance maxilar superior (14%) y 2 cirugías de osteotomía sagital de rama (10%). Las principales etiologías fueron: 67% maloclusión clase III (n = 14), 28% maloclusión clase II (n = 6) y 5% desviación mandibular (n = 1). La planificación prequirúrgica virtual fue utilizada en 11 pacientes (52%). La tasa de complicaciones Clavien-Dindo > III fue 4,8% (n = 1). Conclusiones: En nuestra experiencia, las técnicas de cirugía ortognática son seguras. Las complicaciones de la serie fueron escasas y bien toleradas por los pacientes. Durante los últimos años y, de acuerdo a los avances tecnológicos, la incorporación de la planificación quirúrgica virtual 3D favoreció el desarrollo de la cirugía ortognática en nuestro centro.
Introduction: Technological advances have been incorporated into cranio-maxillo-facial surgery changing the clinical practice of surgeons. Aim: The aim of this article is to describe our experience in orthognatic surgery in the last 9-years, with the incorporation of 3D cephalometry. Materials and Method: A retrospective chart review was performed from January 2011 to August 2018 on patients undergoing Orthognatic Surgery. Demographic and surgical data, type of surgical planning, complications and long-term results were recorded. Results: A total of 21 patients underwent orthognatic surgery. Average age was 28 years (DE 8.1), 11 men (52.3%) and 10 women (47.61%). The principal surgeries performed were: 16 (76%) bimaxillary, 3 maxillary advancement surgery 3 (14%) and bilateral sagital split osteotomy 2 (10%). Ethiologies were: 14 patients (this 67%) with malocclusion class III, 6 patients (28%) with malocussion class II, and 1 patient (5%) with mandibular deviation. Virtual 3D presurgical planning was used in 11 patients (52%). The total of complications Clavien-Dindo > III was 4.8% (n = 1). None patient required reoperation. Satisfaction rate with the procedure was high. Conclusions: Based on our experience, orthognatic surgery techniques are safe. The complication rate was lower and well tolerated by patients. The introduction of virtual planning provided a better scenario to develop maxillo-facial surgery.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Cirugía Ortognática/métodos , Cirugía Ortognática/tendencias , Resultado del Tratamiento , Imagenología Tridimensional/tendencias , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Ortognáticos/métodos , Mandíbula/cirugíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCCIÓN: La formación de cirujanos plásticos de calidad exige una constante revisión y evaluación del programa aplicado. Han transcurrido 8 años desde que se evaluó la opinión de los egresados del Programa de Cirugía Plástica de la Universidad de Chile por primera vez. OBJETIVO: Recoger la opinión de los egresados del mismo programa entre los años 2011-2017, con el fin de cotejar los resultados con generaciones anteriores. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Se realizó una encuesta de 28 preguntas, las cuales evalúan aspectos generales de la residencia, rotaciones específicas del residente, actividades prácticas, actividades teóricas y aspectos económicos y de investigación. RESULTADOS: De un total de 21 egresados en el período comprendido 2011-2017 se obtuvo respuesta de la encuesta en 16 de ellos, el 100% de los encuestados aprueba el programa de formación, el 63% de los encuestados considera que la duración del programa es insuficiente. La rotación mejor evaluada del programa fue el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile según un 56% de los egresados. Las áreas de mejor percepción de formación fueron cirugía de contorno corporal y cirugía estética mamaria respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: La aprobación del programa de formación de la especialidad sigue siendo alta en los egresados, sin embargo, se mantiene la opinión de la necesidad de un programa más extenso. El análisis recogido de esta encuesta es una buena herramienta para identificar aspectos del programa que se pueden mejorar.
BACKGROUND: The adequate plastic surgeons training demand a constant review and assessment of the training programs of residents. It has been 8 years since the first survey made to Plastic Surgery graduates of the University of Chile about the program training. AIM: Collect the opinion of Plastic Surgery graduates of the University of Chile between the years 2011-2017, in order to compare the results with previous generations. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A survey of 28 questions was conducted which evaluated general aspects of the residence, specific rotations of the resident, practical activities, theoretical activities and economic and research aspects. RESULTS: There has been 21 graduates between 2011-2017, a survey response was obtained in 16 of them, 100% of the respondents approved the training program, 63% of respondents consider the duration of the program is insufficient. The best-evaluated rotation of the program was HCUCH according to 56% of graduates. The areas of best training perceived were body contour surgery and breast aesthetic surgery, respectively. CONCLUSION: Plastic surgery training program approval is still high in graduates; nevertheless the opinion about the needing for a more extensive program is kept. The analysis collected from this survey is an excellent tool to identify aspects of the training program can be improved.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Cirugía Plástica/educación , Educación de Postgrado en Medicina/métodos , Evaluación Educacional/métodos , Chile , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Internado y ResidenciaRESUMEN
Resumen Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, demográficas, resultados y complicaciones de una serie de pacientes operados de aumento de glúteo con implantes de silicona por medio de la técnica XYZ. Materiales y Método: Serie de casos retrospectiva de pacientes sometidos a gluteoplastía de aumento con implantes de silicona por medio de técnica intramuscular. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica, datos demográficos, antecedentes médico quirúrgicos y complicaciones posoperatorias. Resultados: Entre diciembre de 2014 y junio de 2017 se operaron 19 pacientes. La complicación más frecuente fue dehiscencia de herida operatoria, presentándose en 5 pacientes. Un paciente tuvo hematoma posoperatorio. Dos pacientes tuvieron seroma posoperatorio. Una paciente presentó rotación de un implante. Una paciente se perdió de seguimiento luego del control de retiro de puntos a la 6a semana. Una paciente necesitó reinternación para manejo del dolor. Ningún paciente necesitó reoperación. Ningún paciente presentó infección de herida operatoria. Ningún paciente presentó extrusión ni pérdida de implantes. Discusión: La técnica XYZ es un método efectivo para el tratamiento estético y reconstructivo de la región glútea especialmente en pacientes que no presentan zona dadora suficiente para injerto graso. Las complicaciones descritas son acordes a la literatura, por lo que se recomienda la técnica de gluteoplastía de aumento con prótesis de silicona intramuscular como una técnica reproducible y segura.
Objective: Describing the clinical features, demographics features, outcomes and complications from a serie of patients underwent buttock augmentation with silicone implants with XYZ technique. Material and Methods: Retrospective case series of patients underwent buttock augmentation with intramuscular technique. It Is described the surgical technique, demographics data, comorbidities and post operative complications. Results: Since December 2014 to June 2017 were operated 19 patients. The most frecuent complication was wound dehiscence, it was present in 5 patients. One patient had a postoperative hematoma. Two patients presented seroma. One patient presented implant rotation. One patient left controls after removal the suture in the sixth week. None of patients needed revisional procedures. None of patients presented wound infection. None of patients presented extrusión or implant removal. Discussion: The XYZ technique is a efective method to aesthetic and reconstructive treatment of buttock area, especially in patientes without a suficient donor area to fat graft. The complications described are accord with literatura, that is why buttock augmentation with intramuscular silicone implant is recomended as a reproducible and safe technique.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prótesis e Implantes/efectos adversos , Cirugía Plástica/efectos adversos , Nalgas/cirugía , Siliconas , Cirugía Plástica/métodos , Lipectomía/métodos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Geles de SiliconaRESUMEN
INSL3 (insulin-like peptide 3) is a relaxin peptide family member expressed by Leydig cells in the vertebrate testis. In mammals, INSL3 mediates testicular descent during embryogenesis but information on its function in adults is limited. In fish, the testes remain in the body cavity, although the insl3 gene is still expressed, suggesting yet undiscovered, evolutionary older functions. Anti-Müllerian hormone (Amh), in addition to inhibiting spermatogonial differentiation and androgen release, inhibits the Fsh (follicle-stimulating hormone)-induced increase in insl3 transcript levels in zebrafish testis. Therefore, the two growth factors might have antagonistic effects. We examine human INSL3 (hINSL3) effects on zebrafish germ cell proliferation/differentiation and androgen release by using a testis tissue culture system. hINSL3 increases the proliferation of type A undifferentiated (Aund) but not of type A differentiating (Adiff) spermatogonia, while reducing the proliferation of Sertoli cells associated with proliferating Aund. Since the area occupied by Aund decreases and that of Adiff increases, we conclude that hINSL3 recruits Aund into differentiation; this is supported by the hINSL3-induced down-regulation of nanos2 transcript levels, a marker of single Aund spermatogonia in zebrafish and other vertebrates. Pulse-chase experiments with a mitosis marker also indicate that hINSL3 promotes spermatogonial differentiation. However, hINSL3 does not modulate basal or Fsh-stimulated androgen release or growth factor transcript levels, including those of amh. Thus, hINSL3 seems to recruit Aund spermatogonia into differentiation, potentially mediating an Fsh effect on spermatogenesis.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/fisiología , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Insulina/farmacología , Proteínas/farmacología , Espermatogonias/citología , Pez Cebra/crecimiento & desarrollo , Envejecimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Andrógenos/metabolismo , Animales , Bromodesoxiuridina/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Forma de la Célula/efectos de los fármacos , Hormona Folículo Estimulante/metabolismo , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Transporte de Proteínas/efectos de los fármacos , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Células de Sertoli/citología , Células de Sertoli/efectos de los fármacos , Células de Sertoli/metabolismo , Testículo , Pez Cebra/genéticaRESUMEN
Introducción: La hiperplasia condilar (HC) se define como un crecimiento patológico no neoplásico que afecta tanto al tamaño como a la morfología del cóndilo mandibular. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y riesgos del tratamiento quirúrgico de la HC. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo, serie de casos. Se incluyó a todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de HC tratados en el Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile entre enero de 2010 y febrero de 2014. Resultados: Doce pacientes fueron operados en nuestra institución por HC. El promedio de edad fue 19,3 ± 3,4 años. La forma de presentación más frecuente fue presencia de asimetría facial. Todos los pacientes fueron estudiados con SPECT que evidenció diferencia de captación mayor a 50% ± 3,1% entre ambos cóndilos. Todos los pacientes fueron tratados con condilectomía mandibular alta del lado afectado y en 3 casos, se realizó además cirugía ortognática en el mismo tiempo para corrección de maloclusión dental. La mediana de seguimiento fue de meses 16 (5 a 54 meses). En todos los pacientes se evidenció una mejora en la oclusión dental y simetría facial, con desaparición de la disfunción articular previa. Conclusiones: La HC es una entidad de poca frecuencia. La cirugía es eficaz y segura para el tratamiento de la HC.
Introduction: Condylar hiperplasia is defined as a pathological non neoplastic growth which compromises both size and shape of the mandibular condyle and is characterized by progressive facial asymmetry. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and risks of surgical treatment of HC. Material and method: Descriptive study, cohort of cases. All patients between 2010 and February 2014 with diagnosis of condylar hyperplasia at Hospital Clínico P. Universidad Católica de Chile were included. Results: Twelve patients were operated at our institution because of condylar hyperplasia. Age average was 19.3 ± 3.4 years. The most frequent presentation was facial asymmetry. All patients were studied with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with differential intake more than 50 ± 3.1% between both condyles. All patients were treated with mandibular condylectomy of the affected site and in 3 cases orthognatic surgery was performed at the same time of the condylectomy to correct dental malocclusion. Average follow up was 16 months (5 to 54 months). All patients recovered facial symmetry and occlusion with absence of the previous joint dysfunction. Conclusions: Condylar hyperplasia is an unfrequent condition and surgery is efficient and safe for the treatment of the deformity.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Cóndilo Mandibular/cirugía , Cóndilo Mandibular/patología , Epidemiología Descriptiva , Estudios de Seguimiento , Resultado del Tratamiento , Asimetría Facial , Hiperplasia/cirugía , Hiperplasia/patologíaRESUMEN
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) either self-renew or differentiate into spermatogonia that further develop into spermatozoa. Self-renewal occurs when residing in a specific micro-environment (niche) While displacement from the niche would tip the signalling balance towards differentiation. Considering the cystic type of spermatogenesis in fish, the SSC candidates are single type A undifferentiated (Aund) spermatogonia, enveloped by mostly one niche-forming Sertoli cell. When going through a self-renewal cell cycle, the resulting new single type Aund spermatogonium would have to recruit another Sertoli cell to expand the niche space, while a differentiating germ cell cyle would result in a pair of spermatogonia that remain in contact with their cyst-forming Sertoli cells. In zebrafish, thyroid hormone stimulates the proliferation of Sertoli cells and of type Aund spermatogonia, involving Igf3, a new member of the Igf family. In cystic spermatogenesis, type A und spermatogonia usually do not leave the niche, so that supposedly the signalling in the niche changes when switching from self-renewal to differentiation. Recombinant zebrafish (rz) Fsh down-regulated Sertoli cell anti-müllerian hormone (amh) mRNA levels, and rzAmh inhibited differentiation of type A und spermatogonia as well as Fsh-stimulated steroidogenesis. Thus, for Fsh to efficiently stimulate testis functions, Amh bioactivity should be dampened. We also discovered that Fsh increased Sertoli cell Igf3 gene and protein expression; rzIgf3 stimulated spermatogonial proliferation and Fsh-stimulated spermatogenesis was significantly impaired by inhibiting Igf receptor signaling. We propose that in zebrafish, Fsh is the major regulator of testis functions and, supported by other endocrine systems (e.g. thyroid hormone), regulates Leydig cell steroidogenesis as well as Sertoli cell number and growth factor production to promote spermatogenesis.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Células de Sertoli/clasificación , Espermatogonias , Pez Cebra/embriología , Pez Cebra/genética , Espermatogénesis , Glándula TiroidesRESUMEN
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) either self-renew or differentiate into spermatogonia that further develop into spermatozoa. Self-renewal occurs when residing in a specific micro-environment (niche) While displacement from the niche would tip the signalling balance towards differentiation. Considering the cystic type of spermatogenesis in fish, the SSC candidates are single type A undifferentiated (Aund) spermatogonia, enveloped by mostly one niche-forming Sertoli cell. When going through a self-renewal cell cycle, the resulting new single type Aund spermatogonium would have to recruit another Sertoli cell to expand the niche space, while a differentiating germ cell cyle would result in a pair of spermatogonia that remain in contact with their cyst-forming Sertoli cells. In zebrafish, thyroid hormone stimulates the proliferation of Sertoli cells and of type Aund spermatogonia, involving Igf3, a new member of the Igf family. In cystic spermatogenesis, type A und spermatogonia usually do not leave the niche, so that supposedly the signalling in the niche changes when switching from self-renewal to differentiation. Recombinant zebrafish (rz) Fsh down-regulated Sertoli cell anti-müllerian hormone (amh) mRNA levels, and rzAmh inhibited differentiation of type A und spermatogonia as well as Fsh-stimulated steroidogenesis. Thus, for Fsh to efficiently stimulate testis functions, Amh bioactivity should be dampened. We also discovered that Fsh increased Sertoli cell Igf3 gene and protein expression; rzIgf3 stimulated spermatogonial proliferation and Fsh-stimulated spermatogenesis was significantly impaired by inhibiting Igf receptor signaling. We propose that in zebrafish, Fsh is the major regulator of testis functions and, supported by other endocrine systems (e.g. thyroid hormone), regulates Leydig cell steroidogenesis as well as Sertoli cell number and growth factor production to promote spermatogenesis.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Pez Cebra/embriología , Pez Cebra/genética , Células de Sertoli/clasificación , Espermatogonias , Espermatogénesis , Glándula TiroidesRESUMEN
Objetivo: El Breast Q Reduction and Mastopexy Module es un instrumento específico para la evaluación de calidad de vida asociado a mamas desde la perspectiva del paciente, recientemente validado para uso en español en Chile. Cuenta con evaluación pre y postoperatoria. El objetivo del presente estudio es conocer la validez de criterio al comparar las distribuciones en distintas poblaciones de individuos así como la diferencia del puntaje entre el pre y postoperatorio. Materiales y Métodos: El instrumento validado en español Breast Q Reduction-Mastopexy Module fue sometido a prueba para evaluar su validez de criterio comparando los resultados de la escala en pacientes que deseaban someterse a cirugía versus 2 grupos control, uno de pacientes hospitalizados por otra causa y otro de estudiantes de medicina. Resultados: Se aplicó la encuesta a 46 mujeres, 6 pacientes preoperatorios de mamoplastía de reducción, 20 alumnas de medicina y 20 pacientes hospitalizadas por otra causa. Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las pacientes y los grupos control en los dominios autoimagen corporal (p = 0,0001), desempeño social (p = 0,0035) y síntomas físicos (p = 0,0058), no se observaron diferencias en el dominio de sexualidad (p = 0,1432), sin embargo, sólo 4/6 pacientes contestaron la encuesta ya que las otras 2 declararon no tener vida sexual. Conclusiones: Estos resultados preliminares sugieren que la versión en español del Breast Q Reduction-Mastopexy Module es un instrumento útil para evaluar calidad de vida asociada a las mamas en mujeres chilenas.
Background: The Breast QoL Reduction and Mastopexy Module assesses quality of life associated to breast appearance from the point of view of the patient. Its Spanish version was recently validated in Chile. Aim: To assess the criterion validity of the instrument applying it in different populations of women and in the pre and post-operative periods. Material and Methods: The questionnaire was applied to six women subjected to reduction mammoplasty in the pre and post-operative period. It was also applied to 20 women hospitalized for other causes and 20 female medical students. Results: There were significant differences between operated women and their non-operated counterparts in the domains body self-image, social performance and physical symptoms. No differences in sexuality were found. However this last question was answered only by four operated patients, since two declared not to have sex life. Conclusions: The questionnaire is useful to assess quality of life associated to the appearance of breasts.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adulto , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mamoplastia/métodos , Mamoplastia/psicología , Calidad de Vida , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Mama/cirugía , Satisfacción del Paciente , Estudios Prospectivos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , AutoimagenRESUMEN
The first- and second-order streams, Brown and Horqueta, respectively, which are located in the main area of soybean production in Argentina were examined for insecticide contamination caused by runoff from nearby soybean fields. The insecticides most widely used in Argentina (chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and endosulfan) were detected in sediments, suspended particles and water. Highest concentrations in suspended particles were 318 microg/kg for endosulfan in the stream Horqueta, while 226 microg/kg chlorpyrifos and 13.2 microg/kg cypermethrin were measured in the stream Brown. In the Horqueta stream 150 and 53 microg/kg chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin were detected in runoff sediments, respectively. Whereas cypermethrin concentrations in the suspended particles were relatively low, levels in the floodwater of Brown reached 0.7 microg/l. The highest chlorpyrifos concentration in floodwater was 0.45 microg/l in Brown. However, endosulfan was not detected in the water phase. In runoff water the highest concentrations measured were 0.3 microg/l for chlorpyrifos in Horqueta and 0.49 microg/l for cypermethrin in the Brown stream. On five sampling dates during the pesticide application period in Brown stream (2002/2003) the concentration of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in runoff and/or floodwater exceeded the water quality criteria for freshwater mentioned in this study. In three cases this insecticide concentration was measured in stream water, indicating an acute risk to aquatic life. The acute toxicity-exposure-ratio (TER) for chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin also shows an acute risk for aquatic invertebrates in the Brown stream. In the Horqueta chlorpyrifos concentrations in the runoff exceeded the safety levels three times during the application period (2001/2002), potentially endangering the aquatic fauna. Effects on aquatic macroinvertebrates after insecticide contamination were reported in earlier studies in Horqueta stream.
Asunto(s)
Insecticidas/análisis , Insecticidas/normas , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/normas , Agricultura , Anfípodos , Animales , Argentina , Cloropirifos/análisis , Cloropirifos/normas , Daphnia , Endosulfano/análisis , Endosulfano/normas , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Nivel sin Efectos Adversos Observados , Oncorhynchus mykiss , Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , Residuos de Plaguicidas/normas , Piretrinas/análisis , Piretrinas/normas , Medición de Riesgo , Ríos/química , Glycine max , Movimientos del AguaRESUMEN
The two local crustacean species Hyalella curvispina and Macrobrachium borelli were chosen for assessment of agricultural contamination in two streams (Horqueta and Maguire) in the Argentine pampa. In parallel with in situ bioassays of both species, the population dynamics and the organismic drift of H. curvispina were investigated throughout the main period of insecticide application, from December 2001 to March 2002. In Maguire none of the current-use insecticides (chlorpyrifos, alpha-cypermethrin, and endosulfan) in question were detected throughout the sampling period. During 1-week intervals with no contamination by insecticides the survival rate of H. curvispina varied between 77 +/- 6% (+/- SE, n = 4) and 85 +/- 3%. In Horqueta during a week with a peak insecticide contamination of 64 microg/kg chlorpyrifos in the suspended particles, a mortality of 100% was observed in the in situ bioassays for both species, H. curvispina and M. borelli. At the same time, in Maguire H. curvispina showed reduced survival rates of 23 +/- 5% and 25 +/- 18% at the two sites, while the survival rate of M. borelli was 60 +/- 11% upstream and 93 +/- 5% downstream, below a wetland. During the period with 100% mortality of H. curvispina in Horqueta, the population density of this species decreased correspondingly, from 106 +/- 26 to 0 individuals/m(2). We conclude that in situ bioassays can be successfully linked to in-stream population dynamics for the same species and that this link is very useful for interpreting causal exposure-effect relationships.
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Crustáceos/fisiología , Monitoreo del Ambiente/estadística & datos numéricos , Ríos/química , Contaminación Química del Agua/análisis , Agricultura , Animales , Argentina , Bioensayo/métodos , Crustáceos/efectos de los fármacos , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Insecticidas/análisis , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Densidad de Población , Dinámica Poblacional , Análisis de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
Information in the open literature about the fate and effects of pesticides in small streams from agricultural areas of Argentina is very rare. The objective of the present work was to study the pesticide contamination and potential biological effects in basins that have undergone intense agricultural activity, mainly related to the cultivation of soybeans. Three streams (Maguire, Helves, and Horqueta) with a low-flow discharge (0.1 and 0.2 m3/s) in March close to the city of Arrecifes were studied during the period of maximum insecticide application, between February and April 2001. Various sampling devices were installed to trap suspended particles, runoff, and floodwater plus sediment throughout the study period. The suspended-particle samples were analyzed for the insecticides endosulfan (END), chlorpyrifos, and cypermethrin. Water chemistry and the macroinvertebrate communities were assessed on four occasions and the organismic drift was measured continuously. Following a 184-mm rainfall on March 1, 2001, beta-endosulfan concentrations up to 318 and 43 microg/kg were measured from suspended-particle samples from Horqueta and Helves, respectively. No END contamination was detected in Maguire. Chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin were not detected in any of the streams. A significant decrease in the average macroinvertebrate species density was observed in Horqueta (from 12.8 +/- 0.5 to 9 +/- 0.7 species; ANOVA, p < 0.05) and Helves (from 10.8 +/- 1.7 to 3.3 +/- 1.3 species; p < 0.001) following the same rainfall event at the beginning of March, while the species density in Maguire remained constant at 7.9 +/- 0.3 species. The runoff primarily reduced species abundances of Odonata and Ephemeroptera significantly (p < 0.01) in Horqueta and Helves but not in Maguire. A greater drift of Smicridae (Trichoptera) and Ephemeroptera occurred in Helves and Horqueta during this runoff event, while no changes in the macroinvertebrate drift were detectable in Maguire. This study highlights the potential pesticide effects on macroinvertebrate communities in Argentinian rural streams. It is suggested that a small wetland area formed by Maguire between the agriculturally used catchment and the sampling site contributes to the absence of contamination and effects at this site.
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Agricultura , Endosulfano/análisis , Endosulfano/envenenamiento , Hidrocarburos Clorados , Insectos , Insecticidas/análisis , Insecticidas/envenenamiento , Animales , Argentina , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Larva , Dinámica Poblacional , Lluvia , Ríos , Glycine max , Agua/química , Movimientos del AguaRESUMEN
Some epidemiologic studies have compared the characteristics of individuals who participate, refuse, and are unreachable in population studies, but results have been inconsistent. The Rural Health Promotion Project attempted to recruit all Medicare Part B noninstitutionalized individuals age 65-79 years in a rural community for a trial of preventive health services. Of 962 potential subjects, 360 (37.4%) participated, 253 (26.3%) refused, 176 (18.3%) were ineligible, and 152 (15.8%) were never reached by phone or mail. Approximately 3 years later, we reinterviewed the participants, refusals, and as many of the unreachables as possible. The 3-year mortality was similar for both refusals and participants (approximately 9%) but was much higher for ineligibles (29.0%) and unreachables (23.7%). Participants were more likely to have disease history, to have behavioral risk factors for disease, and to use health screening services. Refusals were the healthiest and possibly chose not to participate because they did not have risk factors targeted by the program. The unreachables had the highest prevalence of disability and health care inpatient reimbursement and may have been ineligible for the demonstration had they volunteered. We conclude that failure to reach potential participants for health promotion services may be a warning of "high risk."