RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There is limited information on the availability of health services to treat cardiac arrhythmias in Africa. METHODS: The Pan-African Society of Cardiology (PASCAR) Sudden Cardiac Death Task Force conducted a survey of the burden of cardiac arrhythmias and related services over two months (15 October to 15 December) in 2017. An electronic questionnaire was completed by general cardiologists and electrophysiologists working in African countries. The questionnaire focused on availability of human resources, diagnostic tools and treatment modalities in each country. RESULTS: We received responses from physicians in 33 out of 55 (60%) African countries. Limited use of basic cardiovascular drugs such as anti-arrhythmics and anticoagulants prevails. Non-vitamin K-dependent oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are not widely used on the continent, even in North Africa. Six (18%) of the sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries do not have a registered cardiologist and about one-third do not have pacemaker services. The median pacemaker implantation rate was 2.66 per million population per country, which is 200-fold lower than in Europe. The density of pacemaker facilities and operators in Africa is quite low, with a median of 0.14 (0.03-6.36) centres and 0.10 (0.05-9.49) operators per million population. Less than half of the African countries have a functional catheter laboratory with only South Africa providing the full complement of services for cardiac arrhythmia in SSA. Overall, countries in North Africa have better coverage, leaving more than 110 million people in SSA without access to effective basic treatment for cardiac conduction disturbances. CONCLUSION: The lack of diagnostic and treatment services for cardiac arrhythmias is a common scenario in the majority of SSA countries, resulting in sub-optimal care and a subsequent high burden of premature cardiac death. There is a need to improve the standard of care by providing essential services such as cardiac pacemaker implantation.
Asunto(s)
Arritmias Cardíacas/terapia , Muerte Súbita Cardíaca/prevención & control , Prestación Integrada de Atención de Salud , Recursos en Salud/provisión & distribución , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Disparidades en Atención de Salud , África/epidemiología , Arritmias Cardíacas/diagnóstico por imagen , Arritmias Cardíacas/mortalidad , Arritmias Cardíacas/fisiopatología , Cateterismo Cardíaco , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Cardíacos , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/provisión & distribución , Muerte Súbita Cardíaca/epidemiología , Desfibriladores Implantables/provisión & distribución , Prestación Integrada de Atención de Salud/normas , Encuestas de Atención de la Salud , Instituciones de Salud/provisión & distribución , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/normas , Necesidades y Demandas de Servicios de Salud , Disparidades en Atención de Salud/normas , Humanos , Evaluación de Necesidades , Marcapaso Artificial/provisión & distribución , Mejoramiento de la Calidad , Indicadores de Calidad de la Atención de SaludRESUMEN
Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) is a new promising technique for the evaluation of intracardiac masses. We present the diagnostic work-up using a multimodal-imaging approach in a 74-year-old patient with a prolapsing tumour in the left atrium suggestive of a myxoma, causing severe congestive heart failure attributable to dynamic left ventricular inflow obstruction, and mimicking severe mitral valve stenosis. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography allowed to accurately image the entire volume of the myxoma, and to analyse the dynamic left ventricular inflow obstruction. The size of the lobulated mass as assessed by RT3DE was 65 x 25 x 22 mm. The mass was surgically removed, histology was diagnostic for myxoma, and the patient had an uneventful recovery. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography images the entire volume of a mass allowing for accurate measurements in multiple planes, and allowing for real-time evaluation of obstructive effects on ventricular in- or outflow. This case shows how RT3DE and other non-invasive imaging modalities may be used as complementary techniques for evaluation of intracardiac masses.
Asunto(s)
Ecocardiografía Tridimensional , Neoplasias Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Mixoma/diagnóstico , Anciano , Atrios Cardíacos , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/etiología , Neoplasias Cardíacas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Cardíacas/cirugía , Humanos , Mixoma/complicaciones , Mixoma/cirugíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a promising non-pharmacological treatment option for patients (pts) with severe severe heart failure (CHF), systolic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, and ventricular conduction abnormalities (VCA). Pt selection for CRT, however, is still controversial. Tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) can be used to analyze regional wall motion with high temporal resolution. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 33 CHF pts with VCA (QRS width > or =140 ms) and 20 normal probands, left and right ventricular (RV) filling and emptying were analyzed by flow and tissue Doppler to assess regional (anterior, lateral, inferior, and septal) asynchrony within the LV as well as asynchrony between the RVand LV. All time measurements were corrected for a heart rate of 60 bpm. Results Maximum interventricular and segmental intraventricular delay was 30 ms in the normals. LV asynchrony, defined as a regional delay of > or =40 ms, was found in 29/33 (88%) of the CHF pts, in 4 cases there was synchronous LV contraction despite VCA. In the pts with LV asynchrony, 22 (67%) showed the maximum delay in the lateral wall, 7 (21%) in the septum. Inter- and intra-ventricular asynchrony correlated weakly. CONCLUSIONS: In many CHF pts with VCA, there is a delay both between the two ventricles, and among different LV regions. Predominantly but not exclusively, the LV lateral wall shows the maximum intra-LV delay. Some CHF pts, however, seem to have a synchronous LV contraction despite VCA. TDE thus adds important information for pt selection with respect to CRT.
Asunto(s)
Ecocardiografía Doppler , Ecocardiografía , Electrocardiografía , Bloqueo Cardíaco/diagnóstico por imagen , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/diagnóstico por imagen , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Contracción Miocárdica/fisiología , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/diagnóstico por imagen , Función Ventricular Izquierda/fisiología , Función Ventricular Derecha/fisiología , Adulto , Anciano , Antiarrítmicos/uso terapéutico , Volumen Cardíaco/efectos de los fármacos , Volumen Cardíaco/fisiología , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/diagnóstico por imagen , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/tratamiento farmacológico , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/fisiopatología , Cardiotónicos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedad Coronaria/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedad Coronaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad Coronaria/fisiopatología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Bloqueo Cardíaco/tratamiento farmacológico , Bloqueo Cardíaco/fisiopatología , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/tratamiento farmacológico , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/fisiopatología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Contracción Miocárdica/efectos de los fármacos , Marcapaso Artificial , Valores de Referencia , Volumen Sistólico/efectos de los fármacos , Volumen Sistólico/fisiología , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/tratamiento farmacológico , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Increasingly, economic aspects become important in public health which makes necessary the quantification to economical and operational efficiency. One of the instruments applied in this process is cost-benefit-analysis, comparing preventive, curative and rehabilitative services under the aspect of cost and benefit and effectiveness. In this context, we have evaluated a project of ambulant training of asthmatic children and of their parents. We included 142 affected children and their parents, who were trained in the offices of 24 physicians. Evaluation was done with a questionnaire in which data were collected on asthma-management, on quality of life, and on cost-effectiveness. We looked at the year before starting the training and on the year after completion of the training. Treatment costs were decreased by training, life quality improved. Thus, ambulant training of asthmatic children and of their family is a useful and efficient part of preventive rehabilitation.
Asunto(s)
Atención Ambulatoria/economía , Asma/economía , Educación del Paciente como Asunto/economía , Adulto , Asma/rehabilitación , Niño , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Femenino , Alemania , Humanos , Masculino , Grupo de Atención al Paciente/economía , Calidad de VidaRESUMEN
Factors related to atrial natriuretic peptide (alpha-ANP) regulation and its potential impact on excretory transplant function were examined in a prospective cohort study of 20 patients with end-stage renal disease over 21 days after allogenic kidney transplantation. Depending on posttransplant graft function, patients were separated into those with primary renal function (PF group, n = 10) and posttransplant acute renal failure (ARF group, n = 10). ANP concentrations were markedly elevated in both PF and ARF immediately after renal transplantation, even when compared with the pretransplant dialysis phase (PF group: 939 +/- 467 pg/ml; ARF group: 648 +/- 306 pg/ml, on 3rd postoperative day; "normals': 72 +/- 35 pg/ml). Whilst ANP levels were persistently elevated in patients with acute renal failure, there was a steady decrease in plasma concentrations in patients with primary renal function (PF: 270 +/- 122 pg/ml on 21st day). ANP concentration correlated with endogenous creatinine clearance (rz = 0.56, p < 0.01, PF group). Moreover, there was a greater correlation between ANP levels and postoperative hydration status, measured as central venous pressure or the difference from predialysis dry weight (rz = 0.79 and rz = 0.74, p < 0.01, PF group). Systolic blood pressure was also positively correlated with ANP concentrations. Together, these factors accounted for a total correlation coefficient of r = 0.87 (p < 0.001) in multiple regression analysis. No significant relation was found between plasma ANP levels and total or fractional sodium excretion or free water clearance. With the restoration of renal function most vasoactive hormones (renin-aldosterone system, catecholamines, vasopressin) decreased towards normal values, whilst ANP plasma concentrations remained elevated.