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The diagnosis and management of the alteration of the normal function of the oculomotor nerve (third cranial nerve) varies depending on the characteristics of the paralysis, the age of the patient, and the associated symptoms and signs. Oculomotor nerve palsy may be caused by lesions located anywhere from the oculomotor nucleus to the termination of the third nerve in the extraocular muscles. Although there have been significant advances in neuroimaging to facilitate early diagnosis, the management of a patient presenting with isolated oculomotor palsy is still challenging. This review tackles the case of a 52-year-old patient, with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis (at the age of five), referred to the Department of Ophthalmology, St. Spiridon Emergency Clinical Hospital, Iasi, Romania. The patient had diplopia accompanied by right eyelid ptosis, symptoms that began suddenly 10 days before hospitalization. The clinical examination showed right eye grade II palpebral ptosis, exotropia with limitation of eyeball movements in adduction, supra-∕infraduction. Biomicroscopic examination of the anterior pole revealed the presence of anisocoria and light-near dissociation on the affected side. Numerous investigations were performed to identify the cause, starting with tumoral markers, which were within normal limits. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was performed, and posterior communicating artery aneurysm was ruled out. The endocrinology examination and hormonal laboratory tests were also within normal parameters. Due to suspicions of generalized tuberculosis raised by the infectious disease doctor or presence of secondary lesions, thoraco-abdomino-pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast agent was done and its findings required gastroenterological exploration. After various explorations, the certainty diagnosis was set by histopathological examination, which revealed gastric adenocarcinoma.

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Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is an important tool in the diagnosis, evaluation and follow up of glaucoma patients. Even if we are dealing with a primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) or a primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patient, the mechanism of angle closure can be revealed by performing an UBM. The device can help differentiate between the two types of glaucoma even in patients with opaque corneas when gonioscopy cannot be performed. Knowing the type of glaucoma is vital, especially regarding an individualized treatment, since each patient is unique and needs to be treated accordingly, in order to prevent glaucomatous optic neuropathy and visual field loss. Abbreviations: AC = anterior chamber, ICE = iridocorneal endothelial syndrome, IOP = intraocular pressure, NTG = normal tension glaucoma, PACG = primary angle closure glaucoma, PC = posterior chamber, PEX = pseudoexfoliation syndrome, POAG = primary open angle glaucoma, UBM = ultrasound biomicroscopy.

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BACKGROUND: Conjunctival pigmented neoplasia can be benign, premalignant or malignant tumors. Our study aims to establish the epidemiological, gross morphological and immunohistopathological features of the conjunctival pigmented lesions in pediatric and adolescent patients (<18 years), to establish an accurate diagnosis. PATIENTS, MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective case series study conducted within two Ophthalmology Clinics from Iasi, Romania, on seven pediatric and adolescent patients. Using the Clinical Observation Chart and the Pathology Registers over a six-years period (January 2015-December 2021), we noted the patients' demographic data, clinical data, and ophthalmological investigations of the lesion, as well as the type of their treatment. All histological sections stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and with five antibodies [pan-cytokeratin (pan-CK) AE1∕AE3, S100 protein, Melan A, human melanoma black 45 (HMB45), and Ki67] were re-examined by four pathologists for each case, to identify the type of the conjunctival lesion and its histological and immunohistochemical features. RESULTS: The mean age of all patients was 10.28 years, and the female∕male ratio was 1.3. Right eye was more often affected (71.42%). 71.42% of cases presented an elevated lesion, 57.14% of cases showed a lightly pigmented lesion, but 14.28% of cases exhibited a pink lesion and this feature described the inflamed juvenile conjunctival nevus. In all cases (100%) the conjunctival pigmented tumor was removed with safety margins. The microscopic examination revealed a compound melanocytic nevus in 57.14% cases, a junctional conjunctival nevus in 14.28% cases, an inflamed juvenile nevus in 14.28% cases, and a conjunctival melanoma arising from a pre-existing nevus in 14.28% cases. In all cases of nevi, the nevoid melanocytes showed strong immunopositivity for Melan A and S100 protein, variable and weak immunopositivity for HMB45, and a mean Ki67 labeling index of 1.71%. Conjunctival melanoma revealed strong immunopositivity of tumor cells for HMB45, Melan A and S100 protein, and a Ki67 labeling index of 20%. In all cases, the conjunctival epithelium showed strong immunopositivity for pan-CK AE1∕AE3. All our cases (100%) had a favorable outcome after the surgical removal of the tumor. CONCLUSIONS: Any excision of a conjunctival pigmented lesion must be subject to a systematic immunohistopathological examination, and there is a set of antibodies (anti-HMB45 and anti-Ki67) that are useful for differential diagnosis between a conjunctival nevus and a conjunctival melanoma.

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Metastases from intracranial meningiomas are rare, and among them, meningiomas with hepatic dissemination are extremely rare. Therefore, there are currently no guidelines for staging and treatment of metastatic disease in meningioma, a disease that is a challenge for both the clinician and the pathologist. Our literature review revealed 24 cases of liver metastases originating from intracranial meningiomas. We used them to analyze the pathological patterns of dissemination and to assess the different management strategies available, the most efficient and beneficial being surgery and chemotherapy, especially in the case of meningiomas with hepatic and∕or systemic dissemination.

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BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a major cause of irreversible visual field (VF) loss across the world. Many studies have assessed the accuracy of glaucoma diagnostic tests for a more precise diagnosis to quickly identify patients with higher risk of progression. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a study that included 214 eyes divided into 3 groups: 79 eyes from patients diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), 68 eyes from patients diagnosed with ocular hypertension (OH), and 67 eyes from normal individuals (normal eyes, NE). All patients included in the study received a complete checkup. RESULTS In POAG patients, means of central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), mean defect (MD), visual field index (VFI), peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL), and ganglion cell complex (GCC) are lower than in OH patients, and in NE are higher than in both groups. Also, we found a statistically significant direct correlation between CH and GCC thickness. Further statistical analysis revealed that both pRNFL thickness and GCC thickness are significantly influenced by CH value in a precise manner. CONCLUSIONS The first cell type affected in glaucoma is the retinal ganglion cell. We found a positive correlation between GCC thickness and CH, suggesting that CH might be a parameter to consider in the evaluation of all glaucoma patients from their first examination. Moreover, both pRNFL thickness and GCC thickness are influenced by CH, suggesting the utility of monitoring the value of CH at every checkup to detect its decrease in glaucoma patients.

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There are numerous articles on the discovery of this arterial polygon, its history being quite long, beginning with the Antiquity and up to the Modern Era. Making an analysis of the primary and secondary sources on this topic, the purpose of this article is to identify the significant moments of the discovery of this arterial polygon, which is an anatomical structure with great importance for neurologists and neurosurgeons. We will present the contributions to this topic from Renaissance and early Modern Era anatomists, such as Andreas Vesalius, Jean Fernel, Gabriel Fallopius, Giulio Cesare Casseri, Adriaan van den Spiegel, Johann Vesling, and Johann Jakob Wepfer von Schaffhausen. We also pointed out that the contribution of the famous British anatomist Sir Thomas Willis (1621-1675) was the most important one. He published De Cerebri Anatome, in 1664, in which he described the vascular arrangement laying at the base of the brain, accompanying it by the exquisite drawings of Christopher Wren. Thus, he demonstrated to the medical world that he had reached the greatest understanding of the structure and function of the circular arterial anastomosis. For this excellent discovery, his followers honored him by giving his name to this arterial circle.

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Ultrasound is a fundamental tool used in all medical specialties, including ophthalmology. Nowadays, ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), a method with higher resolution, allows the investigation of in vivo details of the anterior segment of the eye at microscopic resolution. The examination is especially useful in patients with secondary glaucoma that involves a lens component such as phacomorphic glaucoma and occult phacomorphic glaucoma (OPG). The purpose of this paper was to familiarize audience with UBM and the importance of this investigation in OPG, by presenting a series of cases in which performing an UBM was vital because it provided the information needed in order to safely accomplish a curative surgical treatment that preserved our patients' visual acuity.

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Glaucoma represents the main cause of irreversible blindness in the world and for this consideration, the interest in a quick and precise diagnosis and progression of the disease, prior to the appearance of irreversible damage, has been continuously rising. Glaucoma risk factors are already well known, but current studies reveal that it is necessary to make a proper analysis of the intraocular pressure (IOP) to obtain an accurate diagnosis, so we must take into consideration corneal properties that might affect IOP measurements. Starting from corneal geometrical properties represented by central corneal thickness (CCT) and continuing with biomechanical properties represented by corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) we reviewed the value of investigating corneal properties in ocular hypertension (OH), primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients. We can now say that CCT plays an important role in diagnosing glaucoma because it may mask the real value of the IOP and also, in setting the target for the IOP needed to stop disease progression. Also, CH is a factor that needs to be screened from the first consult of a glaucoma patient or suspect because it is correlated to the response to treatment, visual field (VF) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) progression and could anticipate the future evolution and patients prognosis. Both CCT and CH are factors that must be thought-about when we encounter a glaucoma suspect. CCT has a predictive role in OH and NTG patients, while CH has on the other hand a prognostic role in POAG, OH and NTG patients.

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Goldenhar syndrome (oculo-auriculo-vertebral dysplasia, OAVS) is a rare, congenital disease arising from the abnormal development of the first and second branchial arches. The incidence is between 1:3500 and 1:5600, with a male: female ratio of 3:2. The etiopathogenesis is multifactorial and dependent on genetic and environmental factors but there are still many unknown aspects. The classic features of Goldenhar syndrome include ocular anomalies - epibulbar dermoids, microphthalmia and coloboma, ENT features such as preauricular tragi, hearing loss, low implantation of the auricular pavilion, micrognathia, and vertebral anomalies such as scoliosis or hemivertebrae. The abnormalities are unilateral in 85% of the cases. Ocular features, especially bilateral dermoids are seen in 60% of the cases. The treatment varies with age and systemic associations, from mainly cosmetic, in uncomplicated cases, to complex reconstructive surgeries in severe cases. While the oculoplastic surgeon manages the oculo-palpebral defects, severe forms require a multidisciplinary approach. Treatment should be individualized, adapted to age, as well as to the extent and severity of the disease. The paper is based on the editorial team cases and experience.

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Glaucoma is known as an optic neuropathy prone to progression that determines characteristic not only structural (loss of the ganglion cells as well as their axons) but also functional defects (visual field loss). Objective: To evaluate the possibility of applying ganglion cell complex analysis (GCC) in patients who associate ocular hypertension with tilted disc and marked peripapillary atrophy. Methods: In order to evaluate its components, GCC can be investigated using the Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) revealing: ganglion cell layer (cells bodies), inner plexiform layer (dendrites and synapses), and nerve fiber layer (axons). Our study included 196 eyes divided into 3 groups: 52 diagnosed with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), 63 with ocular hypertension (OH), and 81 healthy (normal) eyes (NE). All eyes were submitted to a complete ophthalmologic checkup that involved advanced optic nerve and GCC evaluation. Results: A positive statistically significant correlation was identified between the GCC thickness and the RNFL in all three categories taken into account: R=0,6, p<0,0001 for glaucoma group, R=0,66, p<0,0001 for OH group and R=0,46, p<0,0001 for normal group. Conclusions: GCC has been proved useful for the assessment of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in eyes with OH that associate tilted disc or peripapillary atrophy where the optic disc edges might not be certainly determined by the OCT.

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UNLABELLED: Abstract PURPOSE: We present the clinical, paraclinical and therapeutic features in a patient with secondary congenital aphakia. METHODS: A 2-year-old patient, diagnosed with congenital rubella syndrome including sensorineural deafness, congenital heart disease, intellectual disability, microcephaly, microphthalmia, and congenital cataract, presented to our clinic for the surgical treatment of cataract. RESULTS: During the surgery, the absence of the lens' cortex was observed, hence, the final diagnose was of secondary congenital aphakia. Surgery was then continued with a posterior capsulorhexis and an anterior vitrectomy, deciding to postpone the implantation of the posterior chamber intraocular lens.

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Glaucoma after chemical burns represents a posttraumatic glaucoma, usually open-angle glaucoma. It is a frequent complication of chemical burns, especially with alkali and it can appear in the acute stage or as a late complication. Because of the complications and scars, the treatment is very difficult. Topical treatment is based on AC inhibitors, ß-blockers, α2-agonists. Trabeculectomy, shunts, cyclophotocoagulation, and cryotherapy are the solutions in the late stages. Glaucoma after irradiation is a closing-angle secondary glaucoma. The risk factors such as the radiation dose and the volume of the radiated structure are important in the appearance and evolution of this type of glaucoma. Topical treatment is usually ineffective, the preferable options being laser and surgical treatments. Although it is not a frequently seen pathology, it is important to know how to diagnose and treat this type of glaucoma. There are various options available for treatment, but choosing one is difficult because of the possible complications.

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Vascular orbital lesions are rare and, due to the controversy surrounding their origin, frequently difficult to diagnose. Studies showed that approximately 10% of orbital space-occupying lesions are of vascular origin. The most frequent are capillary hemangioma in children and cavernous hemangioma, which, although congenital, reveals itself in adults. Two cases of vascular tumors in patients, at the extremes of the age spectrum are presented.

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Objects: To investigate the variability of the corneal hysteresis in primary open angle glaucoma(POAG) patients. Material and Methods: Out of 123 eyes, 99 carried out the inclusion criteria and were investigated further using Goldman Aplanotonometer to measure intraocular pressure(IOP), Ocular Response Analyzer(ORA) in order to determine corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor(CRF), ultrasonic pachimetry (Ocuscan) to measure central corneal thickness(CCT) and Humphrey visual field to determine mean deviation(MD), pattern standard deviation(PSD) and visual field index(VFI). The patients were divided into two groups: one group of diagnosed POAG patients and one control group of healthy individuals. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive analyses and linear regression. Results: A considerable statistic correlation was found between CH and VFI both in the group of primary open angle glaucoma patients(r=0.52, P<0.0001), and the control group (r=0.22, p<0.04). Conclusions: The study shows a positive correlation, statistically significant, between corneal hysteresis and visual field index both in glaucoma patients and control subjects proving that a lower CH associates with a lower VFI. Ocular response analyzer can be considered a useful instrument in evaluation of primary open angle glaucoma patients.

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Ocular Toxocariasis is a parasitosis caused by Toxocara catis/canis larvae localized in the eye. The most frequent clinical manifestations are the central retinal granuloma, peripheral retinal granuloma and chronic endophthalmitis. Secondary complications due to the presence of parasite in the posterior segment of the eye may have significant consequences on visual function. We present the case of a 23 years old patient, admitted for progressive decrease of the right eye BCVA during the last 6 months. After performing clinical examination and serological tests we established the diagnosis of ocular Toxocariasis. The patient presented a particular form of the disease consisting in the presence of both a central retinal granuloma and a peripheral one. We performed 23G pars plana vitrectomy and membrane peeling. VA improved as soon as the first month after surgery.

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Paralytic lagophthalmos has a negative effect on patient. A patient's appearance is grossly distorted and many ocular problems due to exposure and dryness may interfere with the patient's ability to perform an occupation. This paper describes the management of the paralytic lagophthalmos. The medical treatment adds lubricants and the surgical treatment provides a better closure for the eye.

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Paralytic lagophthalmos has an negative effect on patient. A patient's appearance is grossly distorted and many ocular problems due to exposure and dryness may interfere with the patient's ability to perform an occupation. This paper describes the management of the paralytic lagophthalmos. The medical treatment adds lubricants and the surgical treatment provides a better closure for the eye.

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