RESUMEN
The renal excretion of arylamines in occupationally exposed and nonexposed subjects was measured by a gas chromatography-electron capture detector method. Additionally, in the occupationally exposed persons hemoglobin adduct levels of arylamines were determined by a liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector method, together with the individual acetylator status. The aromatic amines aniline, p-toluidine, 2-naphthylamine, and 4-chloro-o-toluidine were detected in the urine of nonsmoking subjects who were not occupationally exposed to arylamines. Significantly higher concentrations of aniline, o-toluidine, m-toluidine, 2-naphthylamine, and 4-methyl-1,3-phenylenediamine could be observed in the urine of smoking control persons in comparison to nonsmokers. Comparison of smokers and nonsmokers in a group of workers primarily exposed to aniline and 4-chloroaniline revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) in the formation of 4-aminodiphenyl hemoglobin adducts and in the renal excretion of 2-naphthylamine. The slow acetylators in this group produced significantly more hemoglobin adducts of aniline and 4-chloroaniline than did the fast acetylators. In slow acetylators among the smoking workers there was a significant increase in the formation of 4-aminodiphenyl hemoglobin adducts and in the renal excretion of 4-chloroaniline and m-toluidine. The results indicate that there are influences of smoking habits and acetylator status on the levels of arylamine hemoglobin adducts as well as urinary arylamine concentrations. Hemoglobin adducts seem to be good parameters for monitoring aniline and 4-chloroaniline exposure at the workplace, especially if the acetylator polymorphism can be taken into account. 4-Aminodiphenyl hemoglobin adducts might be good parameters for monitoring individual smoking habits. The determination of urinary arylamine concentrations provides additional information concerning acute exposures to aromatic amines.
Asunto(s)
Aminas/análisis , Aductos de ADN/análisis , Hemoglobinas , Exposición Profesional/análisis , Aminas/orina , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Humanos , Masculino , Fumar/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
An investigation was made of 17 patients with multiple myeloma using the method of alkaline filter elution for the detection of DNA damage and the determination of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency in peripheral lymphocytes during a course of chemotherapy with melphalan and prednisone. We were able to detect elevated SCE frequencies in pretreated patients that approximately doubled during the therapeutic cycle. An appreciable level of DNA cross-linking was detected by alkaline filter elution; DNA cross-linking scarcely increased during a course of chemotherapy. The increase in the SCE frequency during the first therapy cycle was even greater in the case of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myelomas. The results obtained by alkaline filter elution and measuring SCE frequencies suggest that these techniques are suitable as methods in molecular epidemiology, especially if applied to persons who are chronically exposed to cytostatic drugs. Whether or not the methods could be valuable in evaluating therapy response needs further investigation.
Asunto(s)
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Mieloma Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Intercambio de Cromátides Hermanas , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efectos adversos , Reactivos de Enlaces Cruzados , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Melfalán/administración & dosificación , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prednisona/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Between 1982 and 1990 seven cases of bladder cancer were detected in a group of 49 workers who were synthesising chlordimeform from 4-chloro-o-toluidine. Latency periods ranged from 15 to 23 years. The incidence of bladder tumours in this group was significantly higher than that of the cancer registers of the former GDR, Saarland, and Denmark by factors of 89.7, 53.8, and 35.0 respectively. This provides further evidence that monocyclic aromatic amines such as 4-chloro-o-toluidine may be carcinogenic in humans.
Asunto(s)
Industria Química , Enfermedades Profesionales/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Profesionales/epidemiología , Toluidinas/efectos adversos , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/inducido químicamente , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/epidemiología , Adulto , Carcinoma Papilar/inducido químicamente , Carcinoma Papilar/epidemiología , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/inducido químicamente , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/epidemiología , Clorfenamidina/síntesis química , Estudios de Cohortes , Dinamarca/epidemiología , Alemania/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
In biological effect monitoring the alkaline filter elution is a suitable method to detect DNA strand breakage and cross-linking in peripheral blood lymphocytes. We applied this method to three groups of workers occupationally exposed to carcinogens: n = 39 welders with exposure to chromium and nickel, n = 20 female shoemakers with exposure to benzene and n = 25 disinfectors in hospitals with exposure to ethylene oxide. In comparison to standardised control groups our results must be interpreted as indicating an increased rate of DNA cross-linking in welders and disinfectors whereas the female shoemakers showed an increased rate of DNA strand breakage. The differences between the results of the exposed groups and the stratified control groups were significant in most cases. We could reexamine 6 shoemakers 4 months after cessation of exposure to benzene; at this moment the results were indicating a clear decrease of the DNA strand breakage. Therefore the method of alkaline filter elution seems to be a valuable tool in biological effect monitoring of groups occupationally or environmentally exposed to carcinogens, especially if the exposure is low, but persistent over a long period.
Asunto(s)
Carcinógenos , Daño del ADN , Mutágenos/efectos adversos , Exposición Profesional , Benceno/efectos adversos , Cromo/efectos adversos , Cromo/orina , Desinfección , Óxido de Etileno/efectos adversos , Femenino , Humanos , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Níquel/efectos adversos , Níquel/orina , Personal de Hospital , Zapatos , SoldaduraRESUMEN
Tetrachloroethene concentrations in blood and trichloroacetic acid concentrations in urine were determined--primarily over the course of a week--for 29 persons living in the vicinity of dry-cleaning shops. The mean levels of tetrachloroethene increased during the week. In some neighbours concentrations were exceeding the German biological threshold limit value for tetrachloroethene (1000 micrograms/l blood), persisting over the whole week in one case. The concentrations of tetrachloroethene in blood depended on the floor and the construction type of the building where these people were living, but not of the type of system used in the dry-cleaning shops. 5 of 12 dry-cleaners were found to have tetrachloroethene levels exceeding the German biological threshold limit value, some of them by a considerable amount.
Asunto(s)
Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Lavandería , Tetracloroetileno/sangre , Ácido Tricloroacético/orina , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Exposición ProfesionalRESUMEN
Peripheral lymphocyte DNA damage as measured by the method of alkaline filter elution and the frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in lymphocytes was investigated for a group of 20 female workers of a shoemaking plant who were exposed to benzene and toluene, primarily below the German threshold limit value of 5 and 100 p.p.m. respectively; the results were compared with those from a control group. In the female workers significantly raised (P less than 0.05) SCE values were found. The relative DNA elution rate through polycarbonate filters was significantly increased (P less than 0.001). The elution rate through polyvinylidene fluoride (HVLP) filters showed a tendency to increase (P = 0.052), which must be interpreted as indicating increased DNA strand breakage. The SCE rates of the female workers were significantly correlated (P less than 0.01) with the relative DNA elution rate through HVLP filters. There was no correlation with the actual benzene and toluene uptake measured by personal air monitoring. Four months after cessation of work, DNA strand breakage decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) in blood samples of six reinvestigated female workers.
Asunto(s)
Benceno/toxicidad , Daño del ADN , ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Exposición Profesional , Intercambio de Cromátides Hermanas/efectos de los fármacos , Tolueno/toxicidad , Adulto , ADN/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos/ultraestructura , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
A total of 39 electric welders exposed to chromium and nickel were compared with 18 controls standardized for age, smoking habits and sex with respect to the frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and of DNA strand breakage and cross-linking (measured by the method of alkaline filter elution) in their blood lymphocytes. A significant correlation was found between the frequency of SCE and of individual DNA strand breakage and the concentration of chromium in the urine. Less DNA from the welders than from the control group was eluted through the two filter types used (polycarbonate and polyvinylidene fluoride filters). This must be interpreted as resulting from the presence of DNA-protein cross-links, which has the secondary effect of leading to a relative reduction in the measurable frequency of strand breakage amongst the welders. The present results are in good agreement with in vitro and in vivo investigations that confirm the importance of DNA-protein cross-links for the carcinogenic effect of chromium.