RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cognition heavily relies on social determinants and genetic background. Latin America comprises approximately 8% of the global population and faces unique challenges, many derived from specific demographic and socioeconomic variables, such as violence and inequality. While such factors have been described to influence mental health outcomes, no large-scale studies with Latin American population have been carried out. Therefore, we aim to describe the cognitive performance of a representative sample of Latin American individuals with schizophrenia and its relationship to clinical factors. Additionally, we aim to investigate how socioeconomic status (SES) relates to cognitive performance in patients and controls. METHODS: We included 1175 participants from five Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico): 864 individuals with schizophrenia and 311 unaffected subjects. All participants were part of projects that included cognitive evaluation with MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery and clinical assessments. RESULTS: Patients showed worse cognitive performance than controls across all domains. Age and diagnosis were independent predictors, indicating similar trajectories of cognitive aging for both patients and controls. The SES factors of education, parental education, and income were more related to cognition in patients than in controls. Cognition was also influenced by symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS: Patients did not show evidence of accelerated cognitive aging; however, they were most impacted by a lower SES suggestive of deprived environment than controls. These findings highlight the vulnerability of cognitive capacity in individuals with psychosis in face of demographic and socioeconomic factors in low- and middle-income countries.
Asunto(s)
Esquizofrenia , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiología , Esquizofrenia/epidemiología , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Clase Social , Factores Socioeconómicos , CogniciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mindfulness has been conceptualized as paying attention to present moment experience in a non-judgmental manner, and the practice of developing that skill. AIM: To determine the impact of a mindfulness-based intervention on negative emotional states of anxiety, stress, and depression in Chilean high schoolers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty-eight teenagers aged 13 ± 0.6 years (46 females) were randomly assigned to a mindfulness group or a control (41 and 47, respectively). The mindfulness intervention consisted in eight weekly 45-minute sessions. A depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) was applied at baseline, after the intervention, and at three and six-month follow-up. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in anxiety, depression, and general symptomatology in the experimental group compared to the control group. However, these changes were not sustained at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results suggest the feasibility and effectiveness of a mindfulness intervention in Chilean schools as a strategy to reduce negative emotional states and prevent risk factors in adolescent population groups.
Asunto(s)
Ansiedad/rehabilitación , Depresión/rehabilitación , Atención Plena/métodos , Servicios de Salud Escolar , Estrés Psicológico/rehabilitación , Estudiantes/psicología , Adolescente , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Chile , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Proyectos Piloto , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: According to the projections of the World Health Organization, 15% of all disabilities will be associated with mental illnesses by 2020. One of the mental disorders with the largest social impacts due to high personal and family costs is psychosis. Among the most effective psychological approaches to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders at the world level is cognitive behavioral therapy. Recently, cognitive behavioral therapy has introduced several tools and strategies that promote psychological processes based on acceptance and mindfulness. A large number of studies support the effectiveness of mindfulness in dealing with various mental health problems, including psychosis. This study is aimed at determining the efficiency of a mindfulness-based program in increasing cognitive function and psychological well-being in patients with a first episode of schizophrenia and a high risk mental state (those at risk of developing an episode of psychosis). METHODS AND DESIGN: This is an experimentally designed, multi-center randomized controlled trial, with a 3-month follow-up period. The study participants will be 48 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (first episode) and 48 with a high-risk mental state, from Santiago, Chile, aged between 15 and 35 years. Participants will be submitted to a mindfulness-based intervention (MBI), which will involve taking part in eight mindfulness workshops adapted for people with psychosis. Workshops will last approximately 1.5 hours and take place once a week, over 8 weeks. The primary outcome will be the cognitive function through Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) and the secondary outcome will be psychological well-being measured by self-reporting questionnaires. DISCUSSION: The outcomes of this trial will add empirical evidence to the benefits and feasibility of MBIs for the psychotherapeutic treatment of patients with schizophrenia and high-risk mental states in reducing cognitive impairment in attention, working memory, and social cognition, as well as increasing the psychological well-being by empowering the patients' personal resources in the management of their own symptoms and psychotic experiences. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN registration number ISRCTN24327446 . Registered on 12 September 2016.
Asunto(s)
Cognición , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/métodos , Intervención Médica Temprana , Salud Mental , Atención Plena , Esquizofrenia/terapia , Psicología del Esquizofrénico , Adolescente , Adulto , Atención , Chile , Protocolos Clínicos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Memoria , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Proyectos de Investigación , Factores de Riesgo , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Autoinforme , Conducta Social , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Background: Mindfulness has been conceptualized as paying attention to present moment experience in a non-judgmental manner, and the practice of developing that skill. Aim: To determine the impact of a mindfulness-based intervention on negative emotional states of anxiety, stress, and depression in Chilean high schoolers. Material and Methods: Eighty-eight teenagers aged 13 ± 0.6 years (46 females) were randomly assigned to a mindfulness group or a control (41 and 47, respectively). The mindfulness intervention consisted in eight weekly 45-minute sessions. A depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) was applied at baseline, after the intervention, and at three and six-month follow-up. Results: There was a significant reduction in anxiety, depression, and general symptomatology in the experimental group compared to the control group. However, these changes were not sustained at follow-up. Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest the feasibility and effectiveness of a mindfulness intervention in Chilean schools as a strategy to reduce negative emotional states and prevent risk factors in adolescent population groups.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Ansiedad/rehabilitación , Servicios de Salud Escolar , Estrés Psicológico/rehabilitación , Estudiantes/psicología , Depresión/rehabilitación , Atención Plena/métodos , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Chile , Proyectos Piloto , Estudios de SeguimientoRESUMEN
Este estudio tuvo por objetivo determinar las propiedades psicométricas del Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Temuco en Chile (n = 399). El FFMQ es una prueba de autoreporte compuesta por 39 ítems, que mide la tendencia general a proceder con Atención Plena a partir de cinco habilidades: Observación, Descripción, Actuar con Conciencia, Ausencia de Juicio y Ausencia de Reactividad. El diseño es descriptivo correlacional, de grupo único. Los resultados muestran una confiabilidad adecuada y la asociación de Atención Plena con dimensiones de personalidad del Modelo de los Cinco Factores de Costa y McCrae, con la Autoactualización de las teorías humanistas y una relación inversa con estados emocionales negativos de depresión, ansiedad y estrés. Los análisis muestran que la versión nacional del FFMQ posee adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para ser utilizado en estudiantes universitarios chilenos y permite discriminar entre meditadores y no meditadores.
This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in university students from the city of Temuco, Chile (n = 399). The FFMQ is a self-report test consisting of 39 items, which measures the general tendency to proceed with Mindfulness by using five skills: Observation, Description, Acting with Awareness, Non-judging of inner experience and Non-reactivity to inner experience. The design is descriptive correlational of unique group. The results show adequate reliability and Mindfulness association with personality dimensions of the Five Factor Model of Costa and McCrae, with the Self-Actualization of humanistic theories and an inverse relation to negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. Analyzes show that the Chilean version of FFMQ has adequate psychometric properties for use in Chilean university students and discriminates between meditators and non-meditators.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Atención Plena , Estudiantes/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Meditación , Autoinforme , Chile , Epidemiología Descriptiva , Personalidad , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
Crop residues may be used to produce organic composts for agricultural use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two inoculums on the decomposition speed of tobacco residues (stems). The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with three treatments and six replications. The residue used in the study was passed through a forage chopper and mixed to the inoculums in a concrete truck mixer. The treatments evaluated were: TF + EB + RB - tobacco residue, bovine manure and bovine rumen; TF + EB + MP - tobacco residue, bovine manure and Microsept-Dust and TF + EB - tobacco residue and bovine manure. The temperature and humidity of the piles were monitored weekly. The piles were initially turned up side down every seven days, and then every fourteen days till closing 60 days. Samples for chemical analysis of the composted material were collected at 30, 60 and 90 days after the beginning of the composting process. The temperature of the piles stayed around 57 to 60 ºC in the period between the 20 to 40 days after the beginning of the composting process. The mix containing cattle rumen (RB) presented the lowest temperature after forty days. At the end of the composting the mix containing Microsept-Dust (MP) presented the lowest humidity. The C/N relation of the composts obtained was around 10/1 and 11/1. The three treatments presented pH values close
Os resíduos vegetais podem ser utilizados na produção de adubo orgânico por meio da compostagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de dois inoculantes sobre a velocidade de decomposição do resíduo da cultura do fumo. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e seis repetições, sendo o resíduo picado em picadeira e misturado aos inoculantes em betoneira. Foram avaliados os tratamentos: TF + EB + RB - talo de fumo, esterco bovino e rúmen bovino; TF + EB + MP - talo de fumo, esterco bovino e microsept-pó e TF + EB - talo de fumo e esterco bovino. A temperatura e a umidade das pilhas foram monitoradas semanalmente. As pilhas foram revolvidas a cada 07 dias, inicialmente e a seguir a cada 14 dias até os 60 dias. Aos trinta, sessenta e noventa dias, foi feita a coleta, para análise química, do material em compostagem. Entre vinte e quarenta dias as pilhas mantiveram temperatura entre 57 e 60 ºC. A mistura contendo rúmen bovino (RB) apresentou a menor temperatura após 40 dias. Ao final da compostagem a mistura contendo microsept-pó (MP) foi a que apresentou menor umidade. A relação C/N, do composto obtido, ficou entre 10/1 e 11/1. Os três tratamentos apresentaram pH fracamente alcalino na fase de cura. Pode-se considerar que 60 dias de compostagem são suficientes para a obtenção de um composto estabilizado a partir da mistura
RESUMEN
Os resíduos vegetais podem ser utilizados na produção de adubo orgânico por meio da compostagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de dois inoculantes sobre a velocidade de decomposição do resíduo da cultura do fumo. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e seis repetições, sendo o resíduo picado em picadeira e misturado aos inoculantes em betoneira. Foram avaliados os tratamentos: TF + EB + RB - talo de fumo, esterco bovino e rúmen bovino; TF + EB + MP - talo de fumo, esterco bovino e microsept-pó e TF + EB - talo de fumo e esterco bovino. A temperatura e a umidade das pilhas foram monitoradas semanalmente. As pilhas foram revolvidas a cada 07 dias, inicialmente e a seguir a cada 14 dias até os 60 dias. Aos trinta, sessenta e noventa dias, foi feita a coleta, para análise química, do material em compostagem. Entre vinte e quarenta dias as pilhas mantiveram temperatura entre 57 e 60 ºC. A mistura contendo rúmen bovino (RB) apresentou a menor temperatura após 40 dias. Ao final da compostagem a mistura contendo microsept-pó (MP) foi a que apresentou menor umidade. A relação C/N, do composto obtido, ficou entre 10/1 e 11/1. Os três tratamentos apresentaram pH fracamente alcalino na fase de cura. Pode-se considerar que 60 dias de compostagem são suficientes para a obtenção de um composto estabilizado a partir da mistura resíduo de fumo usando esterco, com ou sem a adição de inoculantes.
Crop residues may be used to produce organic composts for agricultural use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two inoculums on the decomposition speed of tobacco residues (stems). The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with three treatments and six replications. The residue used in the study was passed through a forage chopper and mixed to the inoculums in a concrete truck mixer. The treatments evaluated were: TF + EB + RB - tobacco residue, bovine manure and bovine rumen; TF + EB + MP - tobacco residue, bovine manure and Microsept-Dust and TF + EB - tobacco residue and bovine manure. The temperature and humidity of the piles were monitored weekly. The piles were initially turned up side down every seven days, and then every fourteen days till closing 60 days. Samples for chemical analysis of the composted material were collected at 30, 60 and 90 days after the beginning of the composting process. The temperature of the piles stayed around 57 to 60 ºC in the period between the 20 to 40 days after the beginning of the composting process. The mix containing cattle rumen (RB) presented the lowest temperature after forty days. At the end of the composting the mix containing Microsept-Dust (MP) presented the lowest humidity. The C/N relation of the composts obtained was around 10/1 and 11/1. The three treatments presented pH values close to the neutrality in the mature stage. A period of sixty days seems to be sufficient to obtain a mature and stable biocompost of tobacco waste using manure independent of the addition of inoculums.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos Orgánicos , Nicotiana , Compostaje , Administración de ResiduosRESUMEN
Este trabajo describe las técnicas en boga para realizar una querotoplatía penetrante, incluyendo cuidados pre y postoperatorios, técnicas de trepanación del donante y receptor, como también tipos de suturas y algunas maniobras para disminuir el astigmatismo postoperatorio
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Trasplante de Córnea , Córnea/cirugía , Enfermedades de la Córnea/cirugía , Queratoplastia Penetrante , Astigmatismo/prevención & control , Cuidados Posoperatorios , Cuidados PreoperatoriosRESUMEN
Mil cuatrocientas treinta y siete atenciones del Departamento de Córnea del Hospital del Salvador originadas por 640 pacientes en un lapso de 12 meses, fueron analizadas en un trabajo prospectivo. La edad promedio fue de 43,3 años y un 56,9% fueron mujeres. La patología más frecuente fue el herpes simple con un 19,6% de las atenciones. Las patologías que tienen solución quirúrgica consultaron con mayor frecuencia, y fue así como el control de los pacientes con queratoplastías determinó casi 1/3 de todas las atenciones. El 91,5% de las consultas de pacientes citados correspondieron a pacientes antiguos, a pesar de lo cual hubo mucha patología aguda. El sexo femenino consultó mayoritariamente, con especial relevancia en catarata, queratopatía bulosa, rosácea e hipolacrimia y el masculino lo hizo principalmente en patología traumática. La edad jugó un rol relativo en los diferentes cuadros, ajustándose sus promedios a lo esperado. Las distrofias corneales, especialmente las endoteliales, ocuparon el 4- lugar en frecuencia y el 2- en las atenciones por queratoplastías