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Introdução: O câncer pediátrico é considerado uma patologia rara, porém requer longos períodos de tratamento em centros de especialidade oncológica. Um dos principais desafios das famílias é o distanciamento dos locais de tratamento e de suporte hospitalar para internações em oncologia pediátrica. Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal por locais de residência e internação de crianças e adolescentes por diagnósticos oncológicos, entre os anos de 1998 e 2018, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Método: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico documental analítico, com coleta de dados secundários em base de dados de domínio público. O estudo possui caráter de série histórica e de distribuição espaço-geográfica, das internações hospitalares de crianças em tratamento oncológico no Rio Grande do Sul. Resultados: Menores de 4 anos representaram a principal demanda de internação por diagnóstico oncológico infantojuvenil ao longo dos anos. Em cerca de 80% das regiões em saúde, os pacientes acabam internando, por diagnóstico oncológico, fora das suas regiões de saúde e locais de residência. Nos últimos 20 anos, houve aumento da prevalência nas internações, ainda muito localizadas em centros de especialidade. Conclusão: Há necessidade de intervenção de políticas públicas e descentralização de serviços especializados no tratamento e internação em oncologia pediátrica.

Introduction: Pediatric cancer is considered a rare pathology, but it requires long periods of treatment in an oncology specialty center. One of the main challenges for the families is the distancing from treatment and hospital support facilities for hospitalizations in pediatric oncology. Objective: To analyze the time trend per places of residence and hospitalization of children and adolescents for cancer diagnoses occurred between 1998 and 2018 in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Method: Analytical documental epidemiological study, with collection of secondary data in a public domain database. The study is characterized as a historical series and spatial-geographical distribution of hospital admissions of children undergoing cancer treatment in Rio Grande do Sul. Results: Children under 4 years were the main demand for hospitalization for child and juvenile cancer diagnosis over the years. In about 80% of the health regions, patients end up admitted for cancer diagnosis out of their health regions and places of residence. In the last 20 years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of hospitalizations, which are still much concentrated in specialty centers. Conclusion: It is necessary the intervention of public policies and decentralization of specialized services for the treatment and hospitalization in pediatric oncology.

Introducción: El cáncer pediátrico se considera una patología rara, pero requiere largos períodos de tratamiento en un centro especializado en oncología. Uno de los principales desafíos para las familias es el distanciamiento de los sitios de tratamiento y apoyo hospitalario para hospitalizaciones en oncología pediátrica. Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia temporal por lugares de residencia y hospitalización de niños y adolescentes para diagnósticos de cáncer, entre los años 1998 y 2018, en el Estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia temporal por lugares de residencia y hospitalización de niños y adolescentes para diagnósticos de cáncer, entre los años 1998 y 2018, en el Estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Método: Estudio epidemiológico documental analítico, con recopilación de datos secundarios en una base de datos de dominio público. El estudio tiene el carácter de una serie histórica y de distribución espacial-geográfica, de ingresos hospitalarios de niños sometidos a tratamiento contra el cáncer en Rio Grande do Sul. Resultados: Los niños menores de 4 años representan la principal demanda de hospitalización por diagnóstico de cáncer para niños y adolescentes a lo largo de los años. En aproximadamente el 80% de las regiones de salud, los pacientes terminan internando, debido al diagnóstico de cáncer, en sus regiones de salud y lugares de residencia. En los últimos 20 años, ha habido un aumento en la prevalencia de hospitalizaciones, que todavía están muy ubicadas en centros especializados, en cinco de las siete macro regiones analizadas. Conclusión: Existe la necesidad de intervención de políticas públicas y descentralización de servicios especializados en el tratamiento y hospitalización en oncología pediátrica.

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Somatic embryogenesis is a morphogenetic route useful for the study of embryonic development, as well as the large-scale propagation of endangered species, such as the Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia). In the present study, we investigated the morphological and ultrastructural organization of A. angustifolia somatic embryo development by means of optical and electron microscopy. The proembryogenic stage was characterized by the proliferation of proembryogenic masses (PEMs), which are cellular aggregates composed of embryogenic cells (ECs) attached to suspensor-like cells (SCs). PEMs proliferate through three developmental stages, PEM I, II, and III, by changes in the number of ECs and SCs. PEM III-to-early somatic embryo (SE) transition was characterized by compact clusters of ECs growing out of PEM III, albeit still connected to it by SCs. Early SEs showed a dense globular embryonic mass (EM) and suspensor region (SR) connected by embryonic tube cells (TCs). By comparison, early somatic and zygotic embryos showed similar morphology. ECs are round with a large nucleus, nucleoli, and many cytoplasmic organelles. In contrast, TCs and SCs are elongated and vacuolated with cellular dismantling which is associated with programmed cell death of SCs. Abundant starch grains were observed in the TCs and SCs, while proteins were more abundant in the ECs. Based on the results of this study, a fate map of SE development in A. angustifolia is, for the first time, proposed. Additionally, this study shows the cell biology of SE development of this primitive gymnosperm which may be useful in evolutionary studies in this area.

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OBJECTIVES: Since uptake of xylose limits its fermentation, we aimed to identify novel sugar transporters from Scheffersomyces stipitis that allow xylose uptake and fermentation by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RESULTS: An hxt-null S. cerevisiae strain, lacking the major hexose transporters (hxt1Δ-hxt7Δ and gal2Δ) but having high xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase and xylulokinase activities, was transformed with a genomic DNA library from S. stipitis. Four plasmids allowing growth on xylose contained three genes encoding sugar transporters: the previously characterized XUT1 permease, and two new genes (HXT2.6 and QUP2) not previously identified as xylose transporters. High cell density fermentations with the recombinant strains showed that the XUT1 gene allowed ethanol production from xylose or xylose plus glucose as carbon sources, while the HXT2.6 permease produced both ethanol and xylitol, and the strain expressing the QUP2 gene produced mainly xylitol during xylose consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Cloning novel sugar transporters not previously identified in the S. stipitis genome using an hxt-null S. cerevisiae strain with a high xylose-utilizing pathway provides novel promising target genes for improved lignocellulosic ethanol production by yeasts.

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