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INTRODUCTION: Classic laryngeal mask airway (LMA) has long been used for airway management. General anaesthesia has been associated with a significant decrease in pulmonary functions during the postoperative period. The decrease in pulmonary functions has been found to be greater with the use of a tracheal tube (TT). In this study, we compared the effects on pulmonary functions during the early postoperative period when the airway was managed using an LMA versus a TT. METHODS: A total of 20 patients in each group received either LMA or TT for airway management. Postoperative pulmonary functions were recorded at 30 and 60 minutes after removal of the airway device in patients undergoing peripheral limb surgeries. Forced vital capacity (FVC) , forced expiratory volume during the first second (FEV1), vital capacity, FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow rate and percentage saturation of oxygenated haemoglobin were compared. Postoperative coughing and hoarseness were also recorded. RESULTS: Pulmonary functions were significantly decreased in both groups at 30 and 60 minutes postoperatively. The decrease in the TT group was significantly greater than that in the LMA group at both 30 and 60 minutes. The FEV1/ FVC was not significantly changed, indicating a restrictive pattern. Patients in the TT group had a significantly higher incidence of coughing at both 30 and 60 minutes. CONCLUSION: The use of LMA instead of TT for airway management during peripheral limb surgeries causes less depression of pulmonary functions during the early postoperative period. The incidence of coughing is also significantly lower.

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Combitube has been included in the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) difficult airway algorithm for the emergency management of patients who can be neither intubated nor ventilated. The main advantages of the Combitube are minimal training required for its use and blind insertion with 90% success rate upon first attempt. The authors report a case of torrential oral bleeding in which the airway was secure and isolated by Combitube. The pharyngeal cuff of the Combitube was overinflated so as to create a tamponade effect to control otherwise uncontrollable and inaccessible oral bleeding.

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BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic total extraperitoneal (TEP) inguinal hernia repair is as efficacious as the open Lichtenstein procedure, can be learned with proper training, and causes less postoperative pain, better cosmesis, and earlier return to work. The one major factor preventing the widespread acceptance of TEP is the requirement for general anesthesia (GA). In contrast, open hernia is performed using local or regional anesthesia, thereby having the advantage of quicker recovery, decreased postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), fewer hemodyanamic changes, reduced metabolic responses to surgical stress, and better muscle relaxation. This study attempted to evaluate whether laparoscopic TEP can be performed under less invasive anesthesia, such as regional anesthesia, and to determine its feasibility and limitations METHODS: All total of 22 male patients were studied between January 2002 and March 2003 in a tertiary care referral hospital. Epidural anesthesia with 2% lignocaine with adrenaline (Adr) was given via a lumbar epidural catheter, achieving a sensory level of T6. The standard technique for TEP was followed, using three midline infraumbilical ports. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients (20 unilateral, 2 bilateral) underwent operation. The mean operating time was 67.8 +/- 18 (range, 40-110) min. All 22 cases were started with epidural anesthesia, 7 of which (31.9%) were converted to GA; the other 15 (68.1%) were completed under epidural anesthesia. All cases were successfully completed laparoscopically, and there were no conversions. There were no intraoperative complications. There was no significant difference between the cases conducted under epidural anesthesia (67.6 +/- 23 min) and those converted to GA (69.3 +/- 7.3 min). There was no statistically significant difference between the conversion rates of smaller versus larger hernias in this study (p value 0.22). A significant association of success of the procedure was seen with a sensory level of T6 and above (2/15 conversions to GA; i.e., 13.3%) and cases with a sensory level below T6 (5/7 converted; i.e., 71.4%) and adequate epidural catheter length (p = 0.015). Prevention and management of pneumoperitoneum and subsequent shoulder-tip pain was the key to preventing conversions (6 of 9 converted to GA; i.e., 67%; p = 0.006). There were no significant postoperative complications, and no recurrences were noted during a mean follow-up period of 29 months (range, 20-36 months). CONCLUSIONS: From the present study it is clear that TEP is possible under epidural anesthesia provided a minimal sensory level of T6 is achieved. To achieve that level, an appropriate higher site for catheter insertion and/or adequate intraepidural catheter length needs specific attention. Pneumoperitoneum, shoulder-tip pain, intraoperative straining, and inadequate preperitoneal space are factors whose interplay leads to conversion to GA. The size of the hernia is not related to pneumoperitoneum or conversion to GA.

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Membrane feeding studies were conducted to determine the effects of raw juices and chemical extracts of leaves of aphid-resistant (ICV-12) and aphid-susceptible (ICV-1) cultivars of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.)], on the survival, growth, and reproduction of cowpea aphidAphis craccivora Koch. Life table and demographic statistics of the cohort population and subsequent generations were estimated. Compared to ICV-1, the leaf juices and chemical extracts of ICV-12 exhibited significant (P<-0.05) adveres effects on aphid survival, growth, and reproduction. Raw leaf juice and ethyl acetate extract of ICV-12 in both water and sucrose significantly (P<-0.05) limited aphid performance. The adverse long-term effects were often more extreme than those resulting from a diet of distilled water alone. Methanol extract of ICV-12 showed an intermediate level of adverse effects on aphids, being generally less than that of ethyl acetate but greater than that of hexane. Compared to the other ICV-12 extracts, the hexane extracts in water or sucrose media did not significantly affect the aphid performance. Overall, it was determined that antibiosis was a governing modality of aphid-resistance in ICV-12. Postingestive intoxication was caused by foliage components of seedling plants of that cultivar.

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Feeding responses of Chilo partellus larvae to different food sources, were studied. Maize and sorghum were more preferred to artificial diet by the larvae irrespective of their rearing media. Larvae fed on maize and sorghum leaves as well as maize and sorghum stems. The rearing medium did not have any effect on the feeding preference; it could only improve but not induce the feeding behaviour.

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The orientational responses of 4th instar larvae of Chilo partellus to different sources of stimuli being artificial diet, leaves and stems of maize and sorghum were tested, under free choice and no-choice situations. Larvae were attracted to maize and sorghum in a moderate to high degree dependent on what choice they were given. The orientational preference of the larvae, offered a choice between the visual and the odour sources, depended upon their stimulating capacities which were represented by the percentages of individuals responding to the sources of stimuli. Odour played a greater role than visual stimuli in this close range attraction when the two competed with each other.

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Phagostimulatory responses of third-instar larvae ofChilo Partellus to phenolic components identified in an ethyl acetate extract of the leaf whorls of 3-week-old plants ofSorghum bicolor cultivar IS 18363 were studied in no-choice bioassays. The major components in the extract were identified as 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid present in minor amounts. All but 4-hydroxycinnamic acid were stimulatory at the doses tested. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was more stimulatory than other potential biogenetic analogs. Hydroxybenzoic acids generally elicited greater feeding response than cinnamic acids, and the pattern of oxygen substitution in the benzene ring was related to bioactivity.

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Mating between the two sexes in the leafhopperAmrasca devastans was inhibited by cineole vapors surrounding host plant leaves bearing the insects. There was a decline in the percentage of pairs mating and mated females fertilized. The vapors were not toxic and did not prevent the insects' arrival on the leaves. The cineole vapors inhibited the mating chiefly by interfering with the surface-mediated sonic communication between the sexes. The inhibition of mating was chemical specific since other volatiles, e.g., citral, were not as effective as cineole. Exposure to cineole vapors resulted in a decline in the sexual response of the females to the sonic signals of the male.

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Oviposition by the leafhopperAmrasca devastans (Distant) on its susceptible host plant, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum var. PS-10), was inhibited by the volatiles of certain plants and by the vapors of some chemicals occurring in various plants when these were presented at a distance from the ovipositional substrate. The effectiveness of the volatiles of the plants for inhibiting the oviposition decreased in the order: eucalyptus > coriander=castor=tomato > lime,Ocimum being without effect. Among the volatile plant chemicals tested, the inhibitory effects decreased in the order: citral=carvacrol > citronellol=farnesol = geraniol=eucalyptus oil > neem oil=Cymbopogan oil. These chemicals served as volatile antiovipositants and did not reduce the arrival/stay of the insects on the host plants. Carvacrol had a slight toxic effect on the nymphs, but none of the volatiles was toxic to the adults.

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