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Cardiac function in Wistar male rats was assessed by ECG records for 28 days following exposure of the chest to γ-rays at a dose of 6 Gy, dose rate 4 Gy/min. The exposed rats experienced a moderate cardiac ischemia and a certain increase in the load on the atria. The use of clay of Kaluga deposit and mesenchymal stem cells reduced the adverse radiation effects.

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Increase in intoxication products, such as medium size peptides, indole and myoglobin, in urine was observed in Wistar rats after exposure of their chest to gamma-radiation at a dose of 6 Gy (dose rate 4 Gy/min). The rats exhibited moderate ischemic ECG. Administration of enterosorbents, such as Smekta and Clay of Kaluga deposit, to the irradiated rats resulted in the decrease of the toxicant content in the animals and the recovery of the cardiac function on the 28th day. These sorbents had practically a similar efficacy.

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For study of the effects of whole-body gamma-radiation (1 and 4 Gy) on the response of the body to administration of vaccines and virulent strains of tularemia 206 outbred white mice were used. The results of the study shown that the administration of attenuated bacterial cells in 5 days after exposure to radiation (1 and 4 Gy) caused more severe post-radiation effects and the increase in the number of died animals. The severity of the disease was less if mice were vaccinated in 26 days after irradiation (4 Gy). The treatment of tularemia in irradiated mice twith Riphampicin (daily peroral administration, 5 mg/mouse, duration of treatment--7 days) administered in 4 hours after infection was effective and caused high survival of affected mice. The results show effectiveness of the riphampicin treatment of tularemia in the animals exposed to sublethal dose of radiation.

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Studies with rats and white mice demonstrated that combined radiation injury (CRI) comes to reducing protease activity in small intestine tissues. In liver tissue the activity of cathepsine D increased under the action of new enterosorbent--clay of Kaluga deposit ("CKD"). In blood serum of the damaged animals the amount of histogenic toxins--middle mass molecules (MMM) and oligopeptides decreased after "CKD" administration. An effective fixation and withdrawal of bacteria from the bowl of the affected animals took place. The survival level of mice in 30 days after CRI comprised 20% as compared with 60% in the case of "CK D" administration. It is supposed that the increase of survival after "CKD" administration is the result of enhancement of macrophage detoxification in liver, determined on the increase of activity of cathepsine D (lysosomal protease), elimination of MMM and normalization of gut microflora.

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In experiments with Wistar rats exposed to 7.5 Gy, polycationic sorbent ICHANT with gel structure and pores of various size exhibited stronger antitoxic properties as compared to carbon sorbents.

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In hybrid mice it was shown that the local irradiation of zones of thymus, hypothalamus-hypophysis (0.5, 1 and 10 Gy in both cases) and gonads (10 Gy) resulted in significant increase in weight at long terms after irradiation. In animals with increased weight the amount of lipids raised, balance of hormones and state of thymus-dependent unit of immune system changed, and exterior symptoms of early aging were observed. After irradiation of spleen and thigh muscles (10 Gy in both cases) all indices at the same period corresponded to age control.

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Immunoendocrinological studies were carried out in mice during a year after local X-ray irradiation of thymus, hypothalamus-hypophysis, gonads, spleen and thigh muscles. Irradiation of the organs caused the stress regardless of the dose and localisation. No stable immunoendocrinological changes was observed in exposed spleen and thigh muscles. Post-irradiation disfunction of the central and peripheral endocrine gland (hypothalamus-hypophysis, gonads, thymus) induced alterations in function of other endocrine glands and depressive state of the endocrine system. Functional deviations in immune and endocrine systems has a phase character with some dose dependence. The effect of combined irradiation of thymus and hypothalamus-hypophysis is similar to those under separate irradiation.

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The review is devoted to the analysis of 155 reference published mainly in the recent years, which deal with the radiation effects on immune, nervous and endocrine systems. The role of thymus in the late manifestations of postradiation immunodeficiency is discussed. The published data on immune system disturbances and postradiation disfunction of endocrine system in the persons who suffered from the Chernobyl accident are considered.

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Mice were grafted with syngeneic neonatal thymus 1-3 days or 7.5-8 months after local irradiation of thymus, hypothalamus/hypophysis and gonads. Thymus weight and thymocyte number were measured in autologous and grafted thymus 35-40 days after the transplantation. Thymus transplantation induces significant decrease in weight and cellularity of both autologous and grafted thymus. Irradiation of autologous and grafted thymus in doses of 1 and 10 Gy abrogates this effect. Irradiation of hypothalamus/hypophysis and gonads induces decrease of weight and cellularity of autologous and grafted thymus. Irradiation of gonads does not abrogate inhibitory effect of thymus transplantation. Local irradiation of all three regions decreases titre of serum thymic activity and influence concentrations of some hypophysis and adrenal hormones.

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Irradiation of thymus with doses of 0.5 to 10 Gy and gonads with 10 Gy does not influence the growth of the tumor transplanted 10 days after irradiation and accelerates the growth of the tumor transplanted 11-12 months after exposure. Irradiation of hypophysis and hypothalamus with doses of 1 and 10 Gy accelerates the growth of the tumor transplanted 10 days and 11-12 months after exposure. In the latter case the effect was more pronounced. When thymus, hypothalamus and hypophysis were exposed simultaneously the effect was analogous to that observed after isolated exposure of hypothalamus/hypophysis but somewhat more pronounced. Irradiation of hypothalamus/hypophysis caused earlier and severer changes in the anti-tumor resistance than the exposure of thymus and gonads did.

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Immunologic parameters in head and neck cancer patients measured prior to treatment, in remission, at relapse and in cases of lymph node metastases developing 1-3 years following radiation treatment proved different. Evaluation of immune status, alongside with other diagnostic methods, can be used to confirm remission and diagnose relapse.

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Circulating immune complexes are detectable in the patients with carcinomas of the head and neck, stomach, rectum, external genitals, lungs, with Hodgkin's disease, and melanomas. Immunoglobulin levels are abnormal in all the aforementioned conditions. The levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM differ in the patients with high and normal content of immune complexes. IgG elevation is more manifest in the presence of immune complexes. In pulmonary carcinoma, cancer of the head and neck, and Hodgkin's disease the concentrations of immune complexes and IgG correlate. Relationships between the rest immunoglobulin classes and the immune complexes are not so well specified.

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Considerable deviations from the normal indices of T- and B-cell components of the immune system were found in patients with oral mucosa cancer. Some differences in immunity indices after 2 types of contact therapy was established. T-lymphocytes were radiosensitive in contact neutron 252Cf radiation, B-lymphocytes in gamma-beam radiation (60Co). The phagocytic component was characterized by relative radioresistance.

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Patients with Hodgkin's disease, Stage I-III, underwent combined therapy (polychemotherapy according to the COPP scheme and irradiation) combined with splenectomy and levamisole immunostimulation. The circulating immune complexes (IC), serum immunoglobulins of I, A and M classes and the activity of neutrophil phagocytosis at the stages of treatment, at varying time of remission and in relapse of disease were determined. Polychemotherapy and its combination with irradiation caused a decrease in the content of circulating IC associated with a decrease in the level of immunoglobulins and an increase in relative phagocytic activity. The addition of the immunostimulator brought about better elimination of IC from the body. Immunostimulators are particularly recommended in large irradiation doses received by patients in prophylactic irradiation of zones of the accumulation of the lymph nodes. Combined therapy (with and without immunostimulator) in the presence of splenectomy produced no effect in the elimination of IC from the body in early time after treatment. A study of the IC level in the blood serum is an important factor in the evaluation of the patients' immune status, therapeutic efficacy and prognosis of disease.

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