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AIM: To assess the relationship between idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) prognosis, baseline skeletal muscle mass, and attenuation on computed tomography (CT) and clinical parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study enrolled 195 patients. The mean follow-up duration was 42.52 months. Erector spinae muscle area (ESMA), pectoralis muscle area (PMA), and the attenuation of the erector spinae muscle at the level of T12 vertebrae were measured. Muscle indexes were obtained by adjusting the measured muscle areas to the patients' heights. The relationship between baseline CT-derived muscle metrics and clinical parameters including short- and long-term mortality were evaluated. RESULTS: There was a moderate correlation between ESMA and PMA and pectoralis muscle index (PMI; r=0.536, p<0001 and r=0.403, p<0.001 respectively). ESMA correlated significantly with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.488 p<0.001) and forced vital capacity (FVC; HR=0.501, p<0.001). Compared with PMA, ESMA was more strongly associated with 1- and 2-year mortality in patients with IPF (HR=0.957, p=0.022). The survival rate in male patients with sarcopenia was significantly worse (p=0.040). CONCLUSION: ESMA measurements obtained from CT correlated with clinical parameters in IPF patients and were also predictors of short- and long-term survival.

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Computed tomography is an important imaging modality in the evaluation of hydatid cyst. However, diagnosis of perforated hydatid cyst is very difficult and for this reason some radiological findings have been defined. An important finding is the ''air bubble'' sign. As a consequence of cyst rupture, secondary bacterial infections like bronchopneumonia or lung abscess may develop which complicate the clinical picture further. In the literature, the ''air bubble'' sign which is a relatively newly discovered radiological sign is reported to be very sensitive in establishing diagnosis. For this reason, in suspected cases of hydatid cyst, the air bubble sign may aid physicians in establishing diagnosis.

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Pulmonary hemosiderosis is rarely associated with urticarial vaculitis especially if normocomplementemic. An eigth year old girl presented with relapsing and remitting chronic and persistent urticarial lesions, conjunctival injection, recurrent cough and hemoptysis. Respiratory findings started at seven years of age. Physical examination revealed diffuse skin lesions mainly settled on the extremities, non-purulent conjunctival injection, rare ronchi and fine crackles in bilateral lower zones of the lungs. Biopsy of the urticaria like skin lesions demonstrated leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Rheumatological markers were negative. Levels of complement fractions 3 and 4 were normal. Chest x-ray demonstrated diffuse alveolar infiltrative images. High Resolution Computed Tomography of the chest revealed diffuse ground-glass appearance, increased interstitial density. Diagnostic flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed hemosiderin laden alveolar macrophages. She was started on systemic corticosteroid treatment. During follow up, pulmonary symptoms disappeared, however skin lesions and conjunctival symptoms persisted and exacerbated four times in two years. CT of lungs after two years of treatment revealed rare patchy areas of ground glass appearance in bilateral lower lobes and right upper lobe as well as a few of millimetric pleural nodules. This patient is still followed up under low dose steroids and pulmonary findings regressed but low grade inflammation due to vasculitis is thought to continue as supported by the persistence of tomographic findings in the lungs despite the absence of any symptoms. This case demonstrates association of urticarial vasculitis and pulmonary hemosiderosis in the setting of normocomplementemia.

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A case concerning a man having giant cell tumor (GCT) of the leg and huge lung metastasis is presented. This case is discussed with a brief review of the relevant literature regarding detection and treatment of this care condition.

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For the successful microneurosurgical treatment of CP angle located pathologies, an understanding of the relationship and variations between neural and vascular structures and a certain diagnosis are the most valuable factors for surgeons. CP angle lesions have now become a visible area by advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology. An evaluation of this area and the decision for a neurosurgical decompression procedure are easier than before. Twenty unfixed adult human cadaver specimens, that have no sign of central nervous system pathology, were obtained and dissected bilaterally at routine autopsy. The facial-vestibulocochlear (VII - VIIIth) nerve complex and the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) were identified in all specimens. Thirteen of the 40 (32.5 %) AICA were situated ventrally and fourteen (35 %) were located dorsally to the VII - VIIIth nerve complex. Thirteen (32.5 %) passed between the VIIth and the VIIIth nerve fibers. Five of the 40 (12.5 %) AICA had a loop near the nerve complex and then passed the nerves ventrally or dorsally. In an MRI study 74 adult persons (148 sides) were investigated by using three-dimensional Fourier transformation constructive interference in the steady state technique (3D FT-CISS) on a 1.5 Tesla MRI system (Siemens Magnetom, Erlangen, Germany). The results were as follows; 48 AICA (32.4 % of all 148 AICA) were situated ventrally to the VII-VIIIth nerve complex, 45 AICA (30.4 %) were situated dorsally to the VII-VIIIth nerve complex, and the AICA passed between the VIIth and VIIIth nerves in 51 samples (34.5 %). In four of the 148 CP angles (2.7 %), the AICA was not identified. There was an AICA loop coursing to the internal acoustic meatus in 15 patients (10.1 %). In this study, we examined the relations between VIIth and VIIIth nerve complex and the AICA in cadaver and MRI materials for an understanding of the value and reliability of the radiological data. This study also shows the anatomical variation between these structures.

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Using Doppler echocardiography (DE), we measured pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients without coexisting cardiopulmonary diseases. Accepting the normal upper limit of PASP as 30 mmHg, we found elevated PASP in 11 out of 40 (27.5%) RA patients, values being mostly 30-40 mmHg, indicating mild pulmonary hypertension (PHT). Although estimation of PASP by DE is not as reliable as cardiac catheterisation, it is possible that mild elevations in PASP may contribute to the high incidence of cardiovascular events not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors in patients with RA. Long-term follow-up will be obviously necessary to ascertain the impact of mild PHT on the prognosis and mortality rate of RA patients.

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We present a case of aneurysm of bilateral innominate veins and vena cava superior. Chest X-ray, computed tomography, and 3D contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography findings are described. The etiology of venous aneurysms is reviewed and clinical management options are discussed.

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Intracranial tuberculoma is a rare form of central nervous system tuberculosis. We here report on conventional and diffusion-weighted cranial MR images of a non-immunocompromised patient with multiple intracranial tuberculomas, tuberculous lymphadenitis and pulmonary tuberculosis. Conventional MR imaging revealed multiple ring-enhancing mass lesions. At follow-up MR, appearances of both edema and number and size of nodules were decreased. Diffusion-weighted MR was normal and normal ADC values were found in this case of tuberculomas.

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In this study, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) findings of encephalitis were reported. For comparison, other lesions mimicking encephalitis on conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging were included in the study. These lesions consisted of acute infarctions and low grade infiltrative gliomas. The 1H MRS findings of encephalitis and gliomas were almost the same whereas infarctions revealed high lactate levels differentiating the disorder from other two pathologies. The differentiation of encephalitis and gliomas based on MR findings could reliably made with short time follow up MR examinations where gliomas tend to grow in contrast to encephalitis which showed regression.

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Bronchial atresia (BA) is a rare respiratory malformation that may be diagnosed from infancy to adulthood. A typical feature of the disease is involvement of the left upper lobe and a mass-like lesion surrounded by a hyperlucent and nondeflating zone. We present a six-month-old male infant who was diagnosed by contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomography (CT) with three-dimensional (3D) technology, and by Tc-99m-macroalbumin aggregate (Tc99m-MAA) radionuclide scintigraphy. We stress that early diagnosis of BA can be made noninvasively using contrast-enhanced spiral CT and radionuclide scintigraphy. 3D computed tomographic reformation allows a more accurate diagnosis as well as a more specific approach to management and follow-up.

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We present computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of a costal hydatid cyst (Echinococcus multilocularis) causing spinal cord compression. The hydatid disease was proved histologically. MRI was not only very useful for determining the spinal extension of the disease by its multiplanar imaging capability, but also gave important information about the texture of the cyst, thus aiding the preoperative diagnosis.

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We report a patient with rhinocerebral mucormycosis whose initial central nervous system involvement was isolated pontine infarction due to basilar arteritis caused by the fungus. The patient was diagnosed and followed by MRI and CT and basilar arteritis was demonstrated well on MRI studies. Involvement of the skull base was shown on CT in the later stage of the disease. The unusual initial presentation of the infection is discussed.

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A 37-yr-old male presented with a 2-week history of intermittent episodes of mild haemoptysis. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a varix of the inferior pulmonary vein. The diagnosis was confirmed using magnetic resonance angiography and conventional angiography. This condition is relatively rare, and few cases have previously been demonstrated by means of magnetic resonance imaging and angiography.

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MR imaging examinations of the brain 100 consecutive patients, ages ranging from 1 year to 66 years, were evaluated in order to investigate the frequency of a deep calcarine sulcus and prominent calcar avis. Twenty-four cases (24%) were found with a deep calcarine sulcus and prominent calcar avis. These were bilateral in four patients, and unilateral in twenty. Fifteen of the unilateral cases demonstrated a right-sided involvement, and remaining five were left-sided. A deep calcarine sulcus and prominent calcar avis should be distinguished from disorders of neuronal migration and organization such as schizencephaly and heterotopia. Also, based on our findings in this study, we speculate that it is the deep calcarine sulcus and prominent calcar avis which creates the appearance of the so-called accessory occipital ventricle.

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We report a case of aberrant hypoplastic pedicle of the fourth lumbar vertebra and ipsilateral conjoined nerve root. Ipsilateral retroisthmic laminar defect, dysplastic lamina and transverse process, enlargement of neural foramen, hypoplasia of superior and inferior articular facet were present as associated with other neural arch anomalies. The extent of these anomalies was well demonstrated by MR imaging.

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Lyme disease is a cause of illness involving multiple organ systems, including, in 10-15 % of cases, the nervous system. Peripheral radiculoneuritis, cranial neuritis, encephalitis and myelitis are among the neurological manifestations found in the second and third stages. We present the MRI findings in isolated oculomotor nerve involvement by Lyme disease and discuss the differential diagnosis.

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Eight patients with a prominent occipitotemporal vein on MR imaging, and ipsilateral temporal lobe epilepsy are reported. The ages of the patients ranged from 2 months to 12 yr. There were five males and three females. Abnormal electroencephalographic (EEG) findings were evident in all the patients, and they had focal seizures. MR images revealed prominent (4 mm or more in width) occipitotemporal veins in the ipsilateral sides, and otherwise unremarkable findings. Three similar patients have previously been reported in the literature. We speculate that a prominent occipitotemporal vein may represent a consequence or a cause of a certain type of temporal lope epilepsy. Further clinicoradiologic studies are required to clarify the question raised by these observations.

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