RESUMEN

Hyperthermia elicits several physiological and behavioral responses in livestock to restore thermal neutrality. Among these responses, vasodilation and sweating help to reduce core body temperature by increasing heat dissipation by radiation and evaporation. Thermoregulatory behaviors such as increasing standing time, reducing feed intake, shade-seeking, and limiting locomotor activity also increase heat loss. These mechanisms are elicited by the connection between peripheral thermoreceptors and cerebral centers, such as the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. Considering the importance of this thermoregulatory pathway, this review aims to discuss the hypothalamic control of hyperthermia in livestock, including the main physiological and behavioral changes that animals adopt to maintain their thermal stability.

RESUMEN

Dairy cows in pasture-based systems are more susceptible to heat stress. Holstein cows have the black or red phenotypes, the latter having lower absorbance of solar radiation. Therefore, the study's objective was to evaluate whether cows with red (R) coats are more resistant than black (B) cows to hot weather in a subtropical climate. R and B lactating Holstein cows were evaluated during the cold and hot seasons for internal and surface temperature and sweating rate. In the cold season, body temperature (n = 9/group) did not differ between groups, but the average superficial temperature (n = 13/group) was lower in R cows (B: 30.9 ± 0.3 °C; RW: 29.6 ± 0.3 °C; p = 0.02). In the hot season, under mild to moderate heat stress, mean body temperature (n = 9/group) of R cows was lower (B: 38.75 ± 0.01 °C; R: 38.62 ± 0.1 °C; p=<0.0001), whereas no difference was observed in superficial temperature (n = 17/group). The maximum internal temperature and sweating rate (n = 11/group), measured in the hot season, and the number of evaluations in hyperthermia in both seasons did not differ. Therefore, there were differences in thermoregulation between phenotypes under mild to moderate heat stress conditions. However, considering that only discrete differences were observed, the red and white coat is unlikely to benefit the Holstein cow's welfare under mild to moderate thermal stress.

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RESUMEN

Um dos resíduos que são gerados na medicina veterinária, são os dos serviços de saúde veterinária (RSSV). Os RSSV devem receber cuidado especial devido à capacidade de infectar seres humanos, animais e contaminar o ambiente, principalmente no meio rural. O gerenciamento de RSSV é importante para mitigar impactos ambientais, sanitários e promover a economia circular. Na produção animal, ainda é realizado de forma insatisfatória e a implantação de um plano de gerenciamento de RSSV é essencial

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Um dos resíduos que são gerados na medicina veterinária, são os dos serviços de saúde veterinária (RSSV). Os RSSV devem receber cuidado especial devido à capacidade de infectar seres humanos, animais e contaminar o ambiente, principalmente no meio rural. O gerenciamento de RSSV é importante para mitigar impactos ambientais, sanitários e promover a economia circular. Na produção animal, ainda é realizado de forma insatisfatória e a implantação de um plano de gerenciamento de RSSV é essencial (AU)

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RESUMEN

El estiércol de cerdo tiene un potencial de contaminación desde un punto de vista del medio ambiente y la sanidad, debido al alto contenido de materia orgánica. Sin embargo, cuando se trata adecuadamente, puede presentar potencial para generar productos de valor añadido. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo llevar a cabo un análisis del medio ambiente, la sanidady económica de un sistema de tratamiento de residuos sólidos y aguas residuales (STRSAR) en una granja tecnificada ciclo completo de cerdos. El STRSAR fue formada básicamente por compostaje, digestión anaerobia y la retención y deshidratación de lodos. las pruebas de laboratorio fueron evaluados en parámetros físicos químicos y microbiológicos se llevaron a cabo. La viabilidad económica de análisis STRSAR fue apoyado en la técnica de presupuesto de capital. El STRSAR era capaz de tratar los efluentes de residuos orgánicos y haciéndolos incapaces de causar daños al medio ambiente y la sanidad. También hubo reducción de ganancia social y de los pasivos ambientales. En el análisis económico, STRSAR tomará unos nueve años para amortizar el capital invertido.

The swine manure have pollution potential of environmental and sanitary point of view due to the high organic matter content. However, when properly treated, may present potential for generating value-added products. This study aimed to carry out an environmental analysis, health and economic of a solid waste treatment system and wastewater (WTSW) in a technified swine farm full cycle. The WTSW was formed basically by composting, anaerobic digestion and retention and sludge dehydration. Laboratory tests were evaluated in chemical and microbiological physical parameters were performed. The economic viability of WTSW analysis was supported in capital budgeting technique. The WTSW was able to treat organic waste effluents and rendering them unable to cause environmental and health damage. There was also gain social and reduction of environmental liabilities. In the economic analysis, WTSW will take about nine years to amortize the capital invested.

Os dejetos suínos apresentam potencial poluidor do ponto de vista ambiental e sanitário devido à alta carga de matéria orgânica. Entretanto, quando devidamente tratados, podem apresentar potencial para a geração de produtos de valor agregado. Objetivou-se realizar uma análise ambiental, sanitária e econômica de um sistema de tratamento de resíduos sólidos e efluentes (STRSE) em uma granja tecnificada de suínos de ciclo completo. O STRSE foi constituído basicamente por compostagem, biodigestão anaeróbica e retenção e desidratação do lodo. Foram realizados testes laboratoriais, onde foram avaliados parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos. A análise de viabilidade econômica do STRSE foi amparada na técnica de orçamento de capital. O STRSE foi capaz de tratar os resíduos orgânicos e os efluentes tornando-os incapazes de causarem danos ambientais e sanitários. Houve também ganho social e redução de passivos ambientais. Na análise econômica, o STRSE levará cerca de nove anos para amortizar o capital investido.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

El estiércol de cerdo tiene un potencial de contaminación desde un punto de vista del medio ambiente y la sanidad, debido al alto contenido de materia orgánica. Sin embargo, cuando se trata adecuadamente, puede presentar potencial para generar productos de valor añadido. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo llevar a cabo un análisis del medio ambiente, la sanidady económica de un sistema de tratamiento de residuos sólidos y aguas residuales (STRSAR) en una granja tecnificada ciclo completo de cerdos. El STRSAR fue formada básicamente por compostaje, digestión anaerobia y la retención y deshidratación de lodos. las pruebas de laboratorio fueron evaluados en parámetros físicos químicos y microbiológicos se llevaron a cabo. La viabilidad económica de análisis STRSAR fue apoyado en la técnica de presupuesto de capital. El STRSAR era capaz de tratar los efluentes de residuos orgánicos y haciéndolos incapaces de causar daños al medio ambiente y la sanidad. También hubo reducción de ganancia social y de los pasivos ambientales. En el análisis económico, STRSAR tomará unos nueve años para amortizar el capital invertido.(AU)

The swine manure have pollution potential of environmental and sanitary point of view due to the high organic matter content. However, when properly treated, may present potential for generating value-added products. This study aimed to carry out an environmental analysis, health and economic of a solid waste treatment system and wastewater (WTSW) in a technified swine farm full cycle. The WTSW was formed basically by composting, anaerobic digestion and retention and sludge dehydration. Laboratory tests were evaluated in chemical and microbiological physical parameters were performed. The economic viability of WTSW analysis was supported in capital budgeting technique. The WTSW was able to treat organic waste effluents and rendering them unable to cause environmental and health damage. There was also gain social and reduction of environmental liabilities. In the economic analysis, WTSW will take about nine years to amortize the capital invested.(AU)

Os dejetos suínos apresentam potencial poluidor do ponto de vista ambiental e sanitário devido à alta carga de matéria orgânica. Entretanto, quando devidamente tratados, podem apresentar potencial para a geração de produtos de valor agregado. Objetivou-se realizar uma análise ambiental, sanitária e econômica de um sistema de tratamento de resíduos sólidos e efluentes (STRSE) em uma granja tecnificada de suínos de ciclo completo. O STRSE foi constituído basicamente por compostagem, biodigestão anaeróbica e retenção e desidratação do lodo. Foram realizados testes laboratoriais, onde foram avaliados parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos. A análise de viabilidade econômica do STRSE foi amparada na técnica de orçamento de capital. O STRSE foi capaz de tratar os resíduos orgânicos e os efluentes tornando-os incapazes de causarem danos ambientais e sanitários. Houve também ganho social e redução de passivos ambientais. Na análise econômica, o STRSE levará cerca de nove anos para amortizar o capital investido.(AU)

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RESUMEN

The goal was to assess the influence of thermal environment on thermal comfort of 15 multiparous lactating Holstein cows. Thermal comfort of the cows in the barn was assessed from the changes in their rectal temperature and respiratory frequency Air temperature and relative humidity were measured outside and inside the barn to characterize the macro-and microclimate. . There was no correlation between micro and macroclimate considering the physiological parameters. The thermal environment variables and physiological parameters were within ideal limits according literature, Therefore, we concluded that the facility may have been effective considering the thermal comfort needs of dairy cows.(AU)

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência do ambiente térmico sobre o conforto térmico de 15 vacas leiteiras. O conforto térmico dos animais nas instalações foi avaliado mensurando a temperatura retal e frequência respiratória. A fim de caracterizar o micro e o macro clima foram coletados dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar do ambiente interno e externo. Não houve correlação entre o micro e o macro clima estudado em relação aos parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados. As variáveis ambientais e fisiológicas estavam dentro dos limites considerados ideias na literatura. Portanto, concluiu-se que as instalações foram eficientes em termos de conforto térmico para vacas em lactação. (AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The goal was to assess the influence of thermal environment on thermal comfort of 15 multiparous lactating Holstein cows. Thermal comfort of the cows in the barn was assessed from the changes in their rectal temperature and respiratory frequency Air temperature and relative humidity were measured outside and inside the barn to characterize the macro-and microclimate. . There was no correlation between micro and macroclimate considering the physiological parameters. The thermal environment variables and physiological parameters were within ideal limits according literature, Therefore, we concluded that the facility may have been effective considering the thermal comfort needs of dairy cows.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência do ambiente térmico sobre o conforto térmico de 15 vacas leiteiras. O conforto térmico dos animais nas instalações foi avaliado mensurando a temperatura retal e frequência respiratória. A fim de caracterizar o micro e o macro clima foram coletados dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar do ambiente interno e externo. Não houve correlação entre o micro e o macro clima estudado em relação aos parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados. As variáveis ambientais e fisiológicas estavam dentro dos limites considerados ideias na literatura. Portanto, concluiu-se que as instalações foram eficientes em termos de conforto térmico para vacas em lactação.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Thermal comfort is of great importance in preserving body temperature homeostasis during thermal stress conditions. Although the thermal comfort of horses has been widely studied, there is no report of its relationship with surface temperature (T S). This study aimed to assess the potential of data mining techniques as a tool to associate surface temperature with thermal comfort of horses. T S was obtained using infrared thermography image processing. Physiological and environmental variables were used to define the predicted class, which classified thermal comfort as "comfort" and "discomfort". The variables of armpit, croup, breast and groin T S of horses and the predicted classes were then subjected to a machine learning process. All variables in the dataset were considered relevant for the classification problem and the decision-tree model yielded an accuracy rate of 74 %. The feature selection methods used to reduce computational cost and simplify predictive learning decreased model accuracy to 70 %; however, the model became simpler with easily interpretable rules. For both these selection methods and for the classification using all attributes, armpit and breast T S had a higher power rating for predicting thermal comfort. Data mining techniques show promise in the discovery of new variables associated with the thermal comfort of horses.

RESUMEN

Thermal comfort is of great importance in preserving body temperature homeostasis during thermal stress conditions. Although the thermal comfort of horses has been widely studied, there is no report of its relationship with surface temperature (T S). This study aimed to assess the potential of data mining techniques as a tool to associate surface temperature with thermal comfort of horses. T S was obtained using infrared thermography image processing. Physiological and environmental variables were used to define the predicted class, which classified thermal comfort as "comfort" and "discomfort". The variables of armpit, croup, breast and groin T S of horses and the predicted classes were then subjected to a machine learning process. All variables in the dataset were considered relevant for the classification problem and the decision-tree model yielded an accuracy rate of 74 %. The feature selection methods used to reduce computational cost and simplify predictive learning decreased model accuracy to 70 %; however, the model became simpler with easily interpretable rules. For both these selection methods and for the classification using all attributes, armpit and breast T S had a higher power rating for predicting thermal comfort. Data mining techniques show promise in the discovery of new variables associated with the thermal comfort of horses.

RESUMEN

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of 100 ppm of Tilmicosine antibiotic or 200 ppm and the use of Tiamulin (50 ppm) plus Oxitetracicline Cloridate (150 ppm) to control of respiratories diseases caused mainly by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in swines in growing and finishing phases. The experiment used two pigs farms (A and B) with different sanitaries standarts. It was used 945 swines, been 639 animals in farm A and 306 animals in farm B. The experiment evaluated the performance of animals in the growing and finishing phases, the classification (score) of lesions in lungs, and the economic efficiency and the costs of the experimental treatments. There were no difference (P>0.05) between the treatments to the performance and to the lesions scores in lungs for A and B farms. The concentration of 100 ppm of Tilmicosine was efficient and economically viable to the control of mycoplasmal pneumonia.

O experimento foi conduzido visando avaliar o uso do antibiótico Tilmicosina nas concentrações de 100 ppm ou de 200ppm e o uso de Tiamulina (50 ppm) mais Cloridrato de Oxitetraciclina (150 ppm) no controle de doenças respiratórias principalmente causadas pelo Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae em suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação. Foram utilizadas duas granjas comerciais, denominadas A e B, com distintos padrões sanitários. Utilizou-se no 945 animais, sendo 639 da granja A e 306 da granja B. Avaliou-se o desempenho dos animais nas fases de crescimento e terminação, a classificação (escore) de lesões nos pulmões, o Índice de Eficiência Econômica e o Índice de Custos Médios dos tratamentos experimentais. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos quanto ao desempenho zootécnico e ao escore de lesões nos pulmões. A concentração de 100 ppm de Tilmicosina foi eficiente e economicamente viável no controle da pneumonia micoplasmática.

RESUMEN

Two experiments (a digestibility and a performance tests) were carried out to evaluate sunflower seed (SS) as swine feeding on growing and finishing phases. To performance evaluation 48 pigs, with 19.78 kg liveweight were allotted to four treatments (diet without SS, 5%, 10% and diet with 20% of SS) and they were evaluated during four periods (growing I and II, finishing and total period). All animals were slaughtered and submitted to an electronic carcass evaluation at the end of the experiment. The digestible and metabolizable energy values of SS were 3234 and 3223 kcal/kg, respectively. There were regression effect (P 0,05) on performance of the following characteristics for the levels of SS: daily feed intake (DFI): DFI(growing I) = 2066.500 - 20.990X; DFI (growing II) = 3098.470 - 36.015X; DFI (finishing) = 4114.030 + 63.420X - 6.447X2; DFI (total) = 2859.450 + 9.848X - 2.267 X2, daily weight gain (DWG): DWG (growing I) = 831.567 - 6.484X, DWG (finishing) = 964.135 + 3.350X - 1.059 X2, DWG (total) = 885.029 + 3.794X - 0.587 X2; feed gain ratio (FGR): FGR (growing II) = 3.356 - 0.025X; FGR (total) = 3.265 - 0.014X; muscle depth on carcass (MD): MD = 46.215 + 2.218X - 0.099 X2 and carcass weight (CW): CW = 75.303 - 0.464X. From the total period of the experiment, the best results to FGR were observed for rations with 20% of SS, and the best results for DWG were observed

O uso do grão de girassol (GG) para suínos em crescimento e terminação foi avaliado através de um ensaio de digestibilidade e um experimento de desempenho. Na avaliação zootécnica 48 suínos, com peso médio inicial de 19,78 kg foram tratados com 4 dietas (com 0%, 5%, 10% e 20% de GG) durante 4 períodos (crescimento I e II, terminação e total). Ao abate as carcaças foram eletronicamente tipificadas. A energia digestível e metabolizável do GG foi de 3234 e 3223 kcal/kg, respectivamente. Houve efeito da regressão (p 0,05) dos níveis do GG no consumo diário de ração (CDR): CDR (crescimento I) = 2066,500 - 20,990X; CDR (crescimento II) = 3098,470 - 36,015X; CDR (terminação) = 4114,030 + 63,420X 6,447X2; CRD (total) = 2859,450 + 9,848X - 2,267X2; GDP (crescimento I) = 831,567 - 6,484X; no ganho diário de peso (GDP): GDP (terminação) = 964,135 + 3,350X - 1,059X2; GDP (total) = 885,029 + 3,794X - 0,587 X2; na conversão alimentar (CA): CA (crescimento II) = 3,356 - 0,025X; CA (total) = 3,265 - 0,014X, na profundidade do músculo na carcaça (PM): PM = 46,215 + 2,218X - 0,099 X2 e no peso da carcaça (PC): PC = 75,303 - 0,464X. Considerando o período total do experimento, a inclusão de 20% de GG favoreceu a CA, embora, para o GDP, os melhores valores foram obtidos para 0 e 5% de inclusão. A inclusão de 20% de GG piorou linearmente o peso da carcaça.   

RESUMEN

Two experiments (a digestibility and a performance tests) were carried out to evaluate sunflower seed (SS) as swine feeding on growing and finishing phases. To performance evaluation 48 pigs, with 19.78 kg liveweight were allotted to four treatments (diet without SS, 5%, 10% and diet with 20% of SS) and they were evaluated during four periods (growing I and II, finishing and total period). All animals were slaughtered and submitted to an electronic carcass evaluation at the end of the experiment. The digestible and metabolizable energy values of SS were 3234 and 3223 kcal/kg, respectively. There were regression effect (P < 0,05) on performance of the following characteristics for the levels of SS: daily feed intake (DFI): DFI(growing I) = 2066.500 - 20.990X; DFI (growing II) = 3098.470 - 36.015X; DFI (finishing) = 4114.030 + 63.420X - 6.447X2; DFI (total) = 2859.450 + 9.848X - 2.267 X2, daily weight gain (DWG): DWG (growing I) = 831.567 - 6.484X, DWG (finishing) = 964.135 + 3.350X - 1.059 X2, DWG (total) = 885.029 + 3.794X - 0.587 X2; feed gain ratio (FGR): FGR (growing II) = 3.356 - 0.025X; FGR (total) = 3.265 - 0.014X; muscle depth on carcass (MD): MD = 46.215 + 2.218X - 0.099 X2 and carcass weight (CW): CW = 75.303 - 0.464X. From the total period of the experiment, the best results to FGR were observed for rations with 20% of SS, and the best results for DWG were observed

O uso do grão de girassol (GG) para suínos em crescimento e terminação foi avaliado através de um ensaio de digestibilidade e um experimento de desempenho. Na avaliação zootécnica 48 suínos, com peso médio inicial de 19,78 kg foram tratados com 4 dietas (com 0%, 5%, 10% e 20% de GG) durante 4 períodos (crescimento I e II, terminação e total). Ao abate as carcaças foram eletronicamente tipificadas. A energia digestível e metabolizável do GG foi de 3234 e 3223 kcal/kg, respectivamente. Houve efeito da regressão (p < 0,05) dos níveis do GG no consumo diário de ração (CDR): CDR (crescimento I) = 2066,500 - 20,990X; CDR (crescimento II) = 3098,470 - 36,015X; CDR (terminação) = 4114,030 + 63,420X 6,447X2; CRD (total) = 2859,450 + 9,848X - 2,267X2; GDP (crescimento I) = 831,567 - 6,484X; no ganho diário de peso (GDP): GDP (terminação) = 964,135 + 3,350X - 1,059X2; GDP (total) = 885,029 + 3,794X - 0,587 X2; na conversão alimentar (CA): CA (crescimento II) = 3,356 - 0,025X; CA (total) = 3,265 - 0,014X, na profundidade do músculo na carcaça (PM): PM = 46,215 + 2,218X - 0,099 X2 e no peso da carcaça (PC): PC = 75,303 - 0,464X. Considerando o período total do experimento, a inclusão de 20% de GG favoreceu a CA, embora, para o GDP, os melhores valores foram obtidos para 0 e 5% de inclusão. A inclusão de 20% de GG piorou linearmente o peso da carcaça.

RESUMEN

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of 100 ppm of Tilmicosine antibiotic or 200 ppm and the use of Tiamulin (50 ppm) plus Oxitetracicline Cloridate (150 ppm) to control of respiratories diseases caused mainly by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in swines in growing and finishing phases. The experiment used two pigs farms (A and B) with different sanitaries standarts. It was used 945 swines, been 639 animals in farm A and 306 animals in farm B. The experiment evaluated the performance of animals in the growing and finishing phases, the classification (score) of lesions in lungs, and the economic efficiency and the costs of the experimental treatments. There were no difference (P>0.05) between the treatments to the performance and to the lesions scores in lungs for A and B farms. The concentration of 100 ppm of Tilmicosine was efficient and economically viable to the control of mycoplasmal pneumonia.

O experimento foi conduzido visando avaliar o uso do antibiótico Tilmicosina nas concentrações de 100 ppm ou de 200ppm e o uso de Tiamulina (50 ppm) mais Cloridrato de Oxitetraciclina (150 ppm) no controle de doenças respiratórias principalmente causadas pelo Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae em suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação. Foram utilizadas duas granjas comerciais, denominadas A e B, com distintos padrões sanitários. Utilizou-se no 945 animais, sendo 639 da granja A e 306 da granja B. Avaliou-se o desempenho dos animais nas fases de crescimento e terminação, a classificação (escore) de lesões nos pulmões, o Índice de Eficiência Econômica e o Índice de Custos Médios dos tratamentos experimentais. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos quanto ao desempenho zootécnico e ao escore de lesões nos pulmões. A concentração de 100 ppm de Tilmicosina foi eficiente e economicamente viável no controle da pneumonia micoplasmática.