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CONTEXT: The persistent low contraceptive use and high fertility in Nigeria despite improvements in educational achievements calls for an examination of the role of factors, which may moderate the use of modern contraception. This article explores the influence of sexual autonomy on the use of modern contraceptive methods among women and its relative importance compared with other, more traditional, indicators of women's autonomy such as education and occupation. DATA AND METHODS: Data from two Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), 2008 and 2013, were used in this study. An index of sexual autonomy was constructed by combining related DHS variables, and its association with current use of modern contraception was examined at each time point as well as over time using multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: The observed prevalence for use of modern contraception was 2.8 and 2.6 times higher among women who had high sexual autonomy in 2008 and 2013, respectively. The corresponding figures for women with secondary or higher education were 8.2 and 11.8 times higher, respectively, compared with women with no education. But after controlling for wealth index, religion, place of residence, autonomy and experience of intimate partner violence (IPV), the likelihood of use of modern contraception was lowered to about 2.5 (from 8.2) and 2.8 (from 11.8) times during 2008 and 2013, respectively, among women with secondary or higher education. The likelihood of use of modern contraception lowered only to 1.6 (from 2.8) and 1.8 (from 2.6) times among women with high sexual autonomy after controlling for other covariates, respectively, during the same period. CONCLUSION: Sexual autonomy seems to play an important role in women's use of modern contraceptive methods independent of education and a number of other factors related to women's status. Sexual autonomy needs to be simultaneously promoted alongside increasing educational opportunities to enhance women's ability to use modern contraception.
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This paper reports on recycling of industrial wastes (three pharmaceutical industrial sludges) into environmental friendly value-added materials. Stabilization/Solidification (S/S or bricks) process was applied to make a safer way for the utilization of pharmaceutical waste. The additives in this study include binders (cement, lime and bentonite) and strengthening material (pulverized fuel ash (PFA), silica fume and quarry dust) was used at different compositions. Bricks were cured for 28 days, and the following analysis-like compressive strength, leachability of heavy metals, mineralogical phase identity by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal behaviour by thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) had done. All the bricks were observed to achieve the standard compressive strength as required for construction according to BIS standards. Metal concentration in the leachate has reached the dischargeable limits according to Brazilian standards. Results of this study demonstrate that production of bricks is a promising and achievable productive use of pharmaceutical sludge.
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Residuos Industriales , Fuerza Compresiva , Materiales de Construcción/análisis , Industria Farmacéutica , Metales Pesados/química , Reciclaje/métodos , Aguas del Alcantarillado , Difracción de Rayos XRESUMEN
The degradation of 2chloro-5methyl phenol (2C-5MP) in aqueous solution by ultrasonication (US) in the presence of TiO(2) and H(2)O(2) has been studied. Maximum degradation rate of 2.66 x 10(-2) was achieved by US/TiO(2)/H(2)O(2) process when compared to US/TiO(2) (1.01 x 10(-2)) and US/H(2)O(2) (5.5 x 10(-3)) systems. The effect of inorganic ions on degradation rate of 2C-5 MP were found to be in the order of Cl(-)>SO(4)(2-)>HPO(4)(2-)>HCO(3)(-). Further, the impact of synthetic additives like CCl(4) as hydrogen radical scavenger and CH(3)OH as hydroxyl radical scavenger on US were studied which confirmed the involvement of hydroxyl radicals in the degradation of 2C-5 MP. Kinetic studies revealed that the degradation process followed pseudo-first-order mechanism with the correlation coefficient (R(2)) of 0.9913 under experimental conditions.
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Clorofenoles/química , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/química , Titanio/química , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Cinética , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Composting was applied as a bioremediation methodology for the reclamation of dredged sediments of Isnapur, Khazipally and Gandigudem lakes polluted with industrial wastes. The present study is an attempt to elaborate upon organic matter transformations and define the parameters for product maturity adapting chemical and spectroscopic methods during composting. The stability and maturity of sediments were evaluated by assessing parameters like C/N ratio, nitrification index (NH(4)-N/NO(3)-N), water-soluble organic carbon concentration, CO(2) evolution rate, cation exchange capacity and indices such as humification index, E4/E6 ratio, compost mineralization index (ash content/oxidizable carbon), germination index, dehydrogenase, polyphenoloxidase activities and FTIR spectroscopy. The results showed that the changes in the above chemical and biological parameters can be employed as reliable indicators of stability and maturity. The FTIR spectra revealed enrichment in the aromatic groups and a degradation of the aliphatic groups indicating stabilization of the final compost.
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Biodegradación Ambiental , Sedimentos Geológicos/análisis , Residuos Industriales/análisis , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Suelo/análisis , Benzopiranos/análisis , Carbono/análisis , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Catecol Oxidasa/metabolismo , Agua Dulce/análisis , Germinación , Sustancias Húmicas/análisis , India , Estiércol , Nitratos/análisis , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Compuestos de Amonio Cuaternario/análisis , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Espectrofotometría Infrarroja , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de FourierRESUMEN
In the present study an attempt is made efficiently to degrade USEPA listed 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol (4C-2-NP), widely available in bulk drug and pesticide wastes using various advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). A comparative assessment using various AOPs (UV, H(2)O(2,) UV/H(2)O(2), Fenton, UV/Fenton and UV/TiO(2)) was attempted after initial optimization studies, viz., varying pH, peroxide concentration, iron concentration, and TiO(2) loading. The degradation of the study compound was estimated using chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and compound reduction using spectrophotometric methods and further validated with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The degradation trends followed the order: UV/Fenton > UV/TiO(2) > UV/H(2)O(2) > Fenton > H(2)O(2) > UV(.) It can be inferred from the studies that UV/Fenton was the most effective in partial mineralization of 4C-2-NP. However, lower costs were obtained with H(2)O(2). Kinetic constants were evaluated using first order equations to determine the rate constant K.