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Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) is an important source of biologically active compounds with pharmacological potential. The aim of this study was to examine the toxicity of different extracts obtained from either traditional or organic cultivated yerba mate in vitro and in vivo. Aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts were obtained from commercial samples of yerba mate and total phenolic content was determined employing Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. The aqueous extracts presented higher content of total phenols, compared to ethanolic and methanolic extracts, and also demonstrated lower cytotoxicity, which is the basis for testing were carried out only using aqueous extracts. The main phenolic acids found in traditional aqueous (TA) extract were chlorogenic, gallic and protocatechuic acids. Gallic and hydroxybenzoic acids were detected in aqueous cultivated organic (OA) extract. Pretreatment with OA extract (100 µg/ml, 1 hr) was cytoprotective against rotenone-induced toxicity (1 µM). For in vivo toxicity assay, zebrafish embryos were exposed to OA or TA extracts (10-160 µg/ml) at 4 hr post fertilization. TA extract decreased embryos survival in a concentration-dependent manner, reduced the hatching rate at 40 µg/ml, increased edema frequency at 80 µg/ml and altered body curvature at 120 µg/ml. Further, TA extract produced locomotor disorders at concentrations equal to or greater than 10 µg/ml. In contrast, OA extract exhibited no apparent toxic effect on organogenesis and behavior up to 100 µg/ml. In summary, the OA cultivated extract showed the lowest cytotoxicity in vitro, enhanced reduction in rotenone-induced toxicity, and produced less toxicity in zebrafish embryos compared to the TA extract.

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RESUMEN

Tratou-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa do tipo descritiva onde foram abordados cinco pacientes submetidos à internação hospitalar em um Hospital de médio porte no Sul Catarinense, com objetivo de identificar a relação da comunicação entre equipe de enfermagem e pacientes. Para a obtenção dos resultados foi usado a análise de conteúdo dos dados coleta dos, e posteriormente, condensação das respostas obtidas. O estudo revelou que os pacientes não possuem conflito ou dificuldade em relação à comunicação com os profissionais de enfermagem, resultando em um bom relacionamento, tanto dos pacientes como dos profissionais.

This was a qualitative study of the descriptive type where tackled five patients undergoing hospital in a midsize hospital in southern Santa Catarina, aiming to identify the relatíonship of communication between nursing staff and patients. To obtain the results was used content analysis of collected data, and then condensation of the responses. The study revealed that patients have no conflict or difficulty with communication with nurses, resulting in a good relationship, both patients and professionals.

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