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The effect of lactate minimum speed (LMS)-guided training on horses' homeostasis is still unknown. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of an LMS-guided training program on the fluid, electrolyte and acid-base status of horses. Ten untrained Arabian horses were submitted to an LMS test on a treadmill before and after six weeks of training. The training intensity was 80% of the LMS in the first three sessions and 100% of the LMS in the other sessions. The venous blood was collected before (T-1) and after (T-2) training at rest, during and after the LMS test for lactate, pH, pCO2, HCO3-, and electrolyte measurements. The LMS and strong ion difference (SID4) were calculated. A mild increase in the mean values (p > 0.05) was observed at rest in T-2 in comparison with T-1 in the following variables: pH (from 7.436 ± 0.013 to 7.460 ± 0.012), pCO2 (from 42.95 ± 1.58 to 45.06 ± 0.81 mmHg), HCO3- (from 27.01 ± 1.02 to 28.91 ± 0.86 mmol/L), and SID4 (from 33.42 ± 1.45 to 35.06 ± 2.94 mmol/L). During T-2, these variables were more stable than during T-1. Despite the improvement in fitness, the LMS did not indicate a significant difference (from 5.40 ± 0.55 to 5.52 ± 0.20 m/s). The results confirmed that the LMS-guided training program had a positive impact on the horses' acid-base status, although some adaptations are still required to improve their fitness.

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Cardiac adaptation to conditioning in horses was evaluated after empirical training based on trainers' experience. Twelve purebred Arabian horses, aged (mean ± SD) 28.42 ± 3.75 months, which did not perform any type of exercise prior to the research, were submitted to treadmill conditioning for six weeks. The conditioning program was based on the velocity run by the horse at which the blood lactate concentration, determined in an incremental exercise test (IET), reached 2 mmol/L (V2). The velocity at which the blood lactate concentration reached 4 mmol/L (V4) was also determined. The echocardiograms were performed at rest with pulsed-wave and tissue Doppler imaging in B- and M-modes. All procedures were carried out before and after the conditioning period. The results showed increases in V2 (from 5.2 ± 0.3 to 6.7 ± 0.4 m/s) and V4 (from 5.8 ± 0.4 to 7.6 ± 0.5 m/s) (p < 0.0001). There were also increases in the left ventricle internal diameter at diastole (LVIDd), left ventricle mass (LV mass), and stroke volume (SV), while no changes were observed in the LV free wall thickness and mean and relative wall thicknesses. The conditioning protocol, which was completed by all horses, proved to be safe and efficient, as it improved the aerobic capacity of the animals. Finally, the cardiac remodeling that occurred was mainly associated with the effect of physical training.

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PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of dual diagnosis and identify health, social and criminal justice factors associated with dual diagnosis among incarcerated adults in Australia and Brazil. METHODS: We compared data from cross-sectional surveys of incarcerated adults (aged ≥ 18 years) in Australia and Brazil. Using data from linked emergency department, hospital, and in-prison medical records in the Australian sample, and from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) in the Brazilian sample, participants were categorised as having: (1) no mental disorder; (2) substance use disorder only; (3) mental illness only; or (4) dual diagnosis. A multivariate multinomial logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with dual diagnosis in each country. RESULTS: Approximately one quarter of participants in both Australia (22%) and Brazil (25%) met the diagnostic criteria for dual diagnosis. In both countries, dual diagnosis was associated with being female [relative risk (RR) = 2.25 (95% CI 1.47-3.43) Australia; RR = 2.59 (95% CI 1.79-3.74) Brazil], having a history of prior incarceration [RR = 2.99 (95% CI 1.99-4.48) Australia; RR = 2.27 (95% CI 1.57-3.29) Brazil], and having comorbid physical health problems [RR = 1.54 (95% CI 1.08-2.19) Australia; RR = 2.53 (95% CI 1.75-3.65) Brazil]. CONCLUSIONS: Despite differences in health, social, and criminal justice systems between Australia and Brazil, the prevalence of and factors associated with dual diagnosis in incarcerated adults appear to be similar in the two countries. A number of generalisable principles can be inferred and should be considered in health and criminal justice policy making.

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The effectiveness of 7% hypertonic saline solution (HSS) and 6% hypertonic bicarbonate solution (HBS) followed by intraruminal water administration for the treatment of acute rumen lactic acidosis (ARLA) has not been evaluated yet. The hypothesis of the study is that treatment with HBS causes a faster correction of imbalances and clinical recovery than treatment with HSS. ARLA was induced in six healthy mature female sheep with sucrose twice. The sheep received both treatment regimens in a cross over design. After 18 h of induction, rumen lavage was performed and IV infusion of 7% HSS (4 mL/kg BW) or 6% HBS (6.7 mL/kg BW) was done over 5 min, followed by intraruminal administration of water (8% BW). The solutions provided 4.8 mmol/kg BW of sodium. Physical and laboratory tests were performed for 168 h. Both treatments increased plasma volume. After HSS treatment, pH and HCO3- returned to baseline values at 144 h and BE at 168 h. With HBS treatment, pH returned to baseline at 24 h, and HCO3- and BE at 48 h. In both treatments, the ruminal motility and the maximum hay intake were restored at 96 and 120 h, respectively. In conclusion, administration of HSS or HBS followed by intraruminal water corrects dehydration and mild-to-moderate metabolic acidosis in sheep with ARLA. Treatment with HBS promoted a faster correction of metabolic acidosis and could be indicated for the most severe cases.

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