RESUMEN
The present study investigated the impact of a western diet during gestation and lactation on the anthropometry, serum biochemical, blood pressure and cardiovascular autonomic control on the offspring. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to their mother's diet received: control group (C: 18% calories of lipids) and westernized group (W: 32% calories of lipids). After weaning both groups received standard diet. On the 60th day of life, blood samples were collected for the analysis of fasting glucose and lipidogram. Cardiovascular parameters were measured on the same period. Autonomic nervous system modulation was evaluated by spectrum analysis of heart rate (HR) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP). The W increased glycemia (123±2 v. 155±2 mg/dl), low-density lipoprotein (15±1 v. 31±2 mg/dl), triglycerides (49±1 v. 85±2 mg/dl), total cholesterol (75±2 v. 86±2 mg/dl), and decreased high-density lipoprotein (50±4 v. 38±3 mg/dl), as well as increased body mass (209±4 v. 229±6 g) than C. Furthermore, the W showed higher SAP (130±4 v. 157±2 mmHg), HR (357±10 v. 428±14 bpm), sympathetic modulation to vessels (2.3±0.56 v. 6±0.84 mmHg2) and LF/HF ratio (0.15±0.01 v. 0.7±0.2) than C. These findings suggest that a western diet during pregnancy and lactation leads to overweight associated with autonomic misbalance and hypertension in adulthood.
Asunto(s)
Dieta Occidental/efectos adversos , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos , Disautonomías Primarias/inducido químicamente , Disautonomías Primarias/patología , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Masculino , Embarazo , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-invasive analgesic resource extensively used in painful conditions. However, preclinical studies suggest that the prolonged use of TENS results in the development of tolerance to its analgesic effect. The present study investigated the analgesic effect and development of tolerance to TENS with four different stimulation protocols. METHODS: Male Wistar rats induced with joint inflammation were divided into four groups: sensory intensity, low motor intensity, high motor intensity and sham groups. TENS was applied daily for 20 min with alternating frequency between 4 and 100 Hz until tolerance development was evidenced. Mechanical hyperalgesia was measured before and after each TENS daily application. RESULTS: After TENS, tolerance was evidenced There was a significant reduction in the mechanical withdrawal threshold in all groups 24 h after induction of inflammation (p < 0.01). We observed a loss of analgesic efficacy of TENS around the 12th, 19th and 19th days in the groups treated with sensory intensity, low motor intensity and high motor intensity, respectively (p < 0.02) when analysed using paired measurements and compared with the control. CONCLUSIONS: The association between frequency variation and intensity at motor level promotes a delay in the development of analgesic tolerance to TENS, optimizing and extending its therapeutic effectiveness.
Asunto(s)
Artralgia/terapia , Hiperalgesia/terapia , Umbral del Dolor/fisiología , Estimulación Eléctrica Transcutánea del Nervio , Animales , Artralgia/etiología , Artritis Experimental/complicaciones , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Thyroid hormones (THs) play a crucial role in the development of several organic systems. An adequate support of maternal THs may be required to ensure a normal nociceptive function of offspring into adulthood. We investigated the impact of experimental gestational hypothyroidism (EGH) on nociceptive threshold and motor performance in the offspring at different post-natal days (PND) in both male and female rats. METHODS: EGH was induced by the administration of 0.02% methimazole (MMI) in the drinking water from the ninth day of gestation until birth. The offspring from MMI-treated dams (OMTDs) or from water-treated dams (OWTDs) were assessed for thermal and mechanical nociception using the tail-flick test and von Frey filaments, respectively. Both rota-rod and grip strength were used to assess motor function. RESULTS: OMTD had reduced thermal (p<0.05) but not mechanical threshold at all studied ages (60 and 120 PND). Sixty-day-old OMTD presented reduced latency to the tail-flick test (p=0.01). Grip strength in 120-day-old OMTD was reduced (p<0.01). However, only male OMTD presented a lower locomotor performance on the rota-rod test when analysed on the 60th PND (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: EGH promotes hypersensitivity to noxious thermal but not mechanical stimulus. Moreover, motor force is similarly reduced in male and female OMTDs, whereas motor performance is reduced only in mature male OMTD, suggesting the presence of a protective factor in females.