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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Stroke is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Renal dysfunction is an important risk factor for stroke. Brazilian studies on stroke knowledge are generally population based. Studies stratifying stroke knowledge according to comorbidities are rare. Scientific data are essential to guide the awareness of stroke. OBJECTIVE: To assess stroke knowledge in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analytical study of patients with CKD on hemodialysis in north-eastern Brazil. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire survey on stroke awareness was administered to patients with CKD on hemodialysis between April and November 2022. The chi-square test and other descriptive statistics were used. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 197 patients were included in the analysis. The Brazilian acronym for stroke was used by 53.5% of the participants. Less than 10.0% of the sample showed optimal decision-making ability regarding stroke. Of the participants, 29.9% knew at least one risk factor and one symptom; however, this was considered as having below the minimum capacity because they did not know the emergency service call number. In the analysis adjusted for income and education, females (odds ratio [OR], 0.40%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20-0.82), older patients (OR, 0.24%; 95% CI, 0.09-0.63) and having at most one comorbidity (OR, 0.48%; 95% CI, 0.23-0.98) were factors for lower levels of knowledge or ideal decision-making capacity against stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Patients on hemodialysis, especially women and older people, have little knowledge about stroke.

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BACKGROUND: Stroke is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Renal dysfunction is an important risk factor for stroke. Brazilian studies on stroke knowledge are generally population based. Studies stratifying stroke knowledge according to comorbidities are rare. Scientific data are essential to guide the awareness of stroke. OBJECTIVE: To assess stroke knowledge in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analytical study of patients with CKD on hemodialysis in north-eastern Brazil. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire survey on stroke awareness was administered to patients with CKD on hemodialysis between April and November 2022. The chi-square test and other descriptive statistics were used. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 197 patients were included in the analysis. The Brazilian acronym for stroke was used by 53.5% of the participants. Less than 10.0% of the sample showed optimal decision-making ability regarding stroke. Of the participants, 29.9% knew at least one risk factor and one symptom; however, this was considered as having below the minimum capacity because they did not know the emergency service call number. In the analysis adjusted for income and education, females (odds ratio [OR], 0.40%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20-0.82), older patients (OR, 0.24%; 95% CI, 0.09-0.63) and having at most one comorbidity (OR, 0.48%; 95% CI, 0.23-0.98) were factors for lower levels of knowledge or ideal decision-making capacity against stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Patients on hemodialysis, especially women and older people, have little knowledge about stroke.

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Lupus nephritis is one of the most serious and frequent manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. It usually presents in the first years of the disease, which suspicion should be raised in cases of elevated serum creatinine, presence of proteinuria above 500 mg/day or active urinary sediment, in the absence of other apparent causes such as urinary tract infection and use of nephrotoxic drugs. In most cases, it affects the glomerulus, and its presentation is rare in the form of isolated tubulo-interstitial disease. In this report, we describe a case of lupus nephritis diagnosed after 2 years of illness, in the form of atypical isolated tubular disease, characterized by massive deposits in the tubular basement membrane. Clinically, there were altered renal function, subnephrotic proteinuria, and evolution to a complete clinical response after immunosuppressive treatment.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Stroke is one of the main causes of death worldwide. Educational interventions on stroke are potentially effective in reducing the period between the onset of symptoms and the initial emergency medical assistance. OBJECTIVES: To assess high school students' knowledge of stroke. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in high schools in northeastern Brazil. METHODS: A self-structured questionnaire survey regarding stroke awareness was applied among high school students in northeastern Brazil. Data were collected between 2018 and 2019. The chi-square test and other descriptive statistics were used. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 1,788 students were analyzed. Eighty percent (n = 1430) of them did not have the minimum knowledge on how to act in a stroke situation. Only 10% (n = 179) presented the ideal knowledge on how to act. Males presented lower levels of knowledge on risk factors (odds ratio, OR: 0.62%; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.49-0.79) and signs and symptoms of stroke (OR: 0.63%; 95% CI: 0.52-0.77). Students with ≥ 10 years of schooling (OR: 1.64%; 95% CI: 1.30-2.07) demonstrated greater knowledge of signs and symptoms of stroke. Students aged 18 years (OR: 1.70%; 95% CI: 1.14-2.52) demonstrated greater knowledge than other ages regarding the telephone number of the emergency medical services. CONCLUSIONS: There was a knowledge deficit with regard to recognizing stroke and activating the emergency medical services. The findings apply to the sample investigated and suggest that there is a need for stroke educational interventions, starting in high school.

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BACKGROUND: Stroke is one of the main causes of death worldwide. Educational interventions on stroke are potentially effective in reducing the period between the onset of symptoms and the initial emergency medical assistance. OBJECTIVES: To assess high school students' knowledge of stroke. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in high schools in northeastern Brazil. METHODS: A self-structured questionnaire survey regarding stroke awareness was applied among high school students in northeastern Brazil. Data were collected between 2018 and 2019. The chi-square test and other descriptive statistics were used. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 1,788 students were analyzed. Eighty percent (n = 1430) of them did not have the minimum knowledge on how to act in a stroke situation. Only 10% (n = 179) presented the ideal knowledge on how to act. Males presented lower levels of knowledge on risk factors (odds ratio, OR: 0.62%; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.49-0.79) and signs and symptoms of stroke (OR: 0.63%; 95% CI: 0.52-0.77). Students with ≥ 10 years of schooling (OR: 1.64%; 95% CI: 1.30-2.07) demonstrated greater knowledge of signs and symptoms of stroke. Students aged 18 years (OR: 1.70%; 95% CI: 1.14-2.52) demonstrated greater knowledge than other ages regarding the telephone number of the emergency medical services. CONCLUSIONS: There was a knowledge deficit with regard to recognizing stroke and activating the emergency medical services. The findings apply to the sample investigated and suggest that there is a need for stroke educational interventions, starting in high school.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the success and complication rates of ultrasound-guided renal biopsy at a tertiary care hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of 97 ultrasound-guided renal biopsies, all performed by the same radiologist, between 1 March, 2017 and 31 October, 2019. RESULTS: Of the 97 biopsies evaluated, 87 had a definitive pathological diagnosis. In five cases (5.4%), the biopsy results were inconclusive and a second procedure was required. In seven procedures (7.6%), there were complications, all of which were properly resolved. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided renal biopsy has proven to be a safe, effective method for the diagnosis of nephropathies, with high success rates.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar taxas de sucesso e de complicações de biópsias renais guiadas por ultrassonografia em um hospital terciário. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de 97 biópsias renais realizadas entre 1º de março de 2017 e 31 de outubro de 2019, guiadas por ultrassonografia e executadas por um único médico radiologista. RESULTADOS: Oitenta e sete biópsias apresentaram diagnóstico anatomopatológico definitivo. Cinco biópsias foram inconclusivas (5,4%) e precisaram de um segundo procedimento. Houve complicações em sete procedimentos (7,6%), todas devidamente solucionadas. CONCLUSÃO: A biópsia renal guiada por ultrassonografia demonstrou ser um método efetivo e seguro para o diagnóstico de nefropatias, com elevada taxa de sucesso em sua execução.

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Abstract Objective: To evaluate the success and complication rates of ultrasound-guided renal biopsy at a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 97 ultrasound-guided renal biopsies, all performed by the same radiologist, between 1 March, 2017 and 31 October, 2019. Results: Of the 97 biopsies evaluated, 87 had a definitive pathological diagnosis. In five cases (5.4%), the biopsy results were inconclusive and a second procedure was required. In seven procedures (7.6%), there were complications, all of which were properly resolved. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided renal biopsy has proven to be a safe, effective method for the diagnosis of nephropathies, with high success rates.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar taxas de sucesso e de complicações de biópsias renais guiadas por ultrassonografia em um hospital terciário. Materiais e Métodos: Análise retrospectiva de 97 biópsias renais realizadas entre 1º de março de 2017 e 31 de outubro de 2019, guiadas por ultrassonografia e executadas por um único médico radiologista. Resultados: Oitenta e sete biópsias apresentaram diagnóstico anatomopatológico definitivo. Cinco biópsias foram inconclusivas (5,4%) e precisaram de um segundo procedimento. Houve complicações em sete procedimentos (7,6%), todas devidamente solucionadas. Conclusão: A biópsia renal guiada por ultrassonografia demonstrou ser um método efetivo e seguro para o diagnóstico de nefropatias, com elevada taxa de sucesso em sua execução.

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RESUMO: Modelo do estudo: Estudo de prevalência. Objetivo do estudo: Descrever o perfil clínico e epidemiológico dos portadores de Sífilis Congênita entre Janeiro de 2010 a Junho de 2016 em uma capital do Norte brasileiro. Metodologia: Foi realizado um levantamento das fichas de notificação para infecção por sífilis congênita da Vigilância Epidemiológica em Rio Branco-Acre no período de Janeiro 2010 a Junho de 2016. Os dados foram analisados por meio do Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Resultados: Foram notificados 189 casos de sífilis congênita precoce. Apenas 36,51% (n=69) receberam diagnóstico de sífilis gestacional antes do parto. Os casos evoluíram com 74,6% de nascidos vivos, 15,3% de natimortos, 6,3% de abortos e 2,1% de óbitos por sífilis congênita. A relação entre o Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) materno e o desfecho dos casos sugere que filhos provenientes de mães com títulos ≥1:16 representam 82,2% das evoluções deletérias associadas (p=0,045). Conclusão: A sífilis na gestação é uma patologia ainda subdiagnosticada durante a gravidez e, nesse estudo, foi mais frequente em filhos de mães no auge da menacme, de baixa escolaridade e moradoras da zona urbana. Apesar das medidas preventivas já implantadas, a sífilis congênita continua sendo um problema de saúde pública nesta capital do Norte brasileiro e deve continuar como alvo de estudos que gerem novas estratégias de prevenção. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Study model: A Prevalence study. Objective: Describing the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with Congenital Syphilis between January 2010 and June 2016 in a capital city in the North of Brazil. Methodology: A survey was carried based on the reports of infection for congenital syphilis of the Epidemiological Surveillance in Rio Branco-Acre from January 2010 to June 2016. The data were analyzed through the SPSS Program. Results: 189 cases of early congenital syphilis were reported. Only 36.51% (n = 69) were diagnosed with gestational syphilis before delivery. The cases evolved with 74.6% of live births, 15.3% of stillborn infants, 6.3% of abortions, and 2.1% of congenital syphilis deaths. The relationship between the maternal VDRL and the outcome of the cases suggests that children from mothers with titles ≥1:16 represent 82.2% of the associated deleterious evolutions (p = 0.045). Conclusion: Congenital syphilis is a pathology still underdiagnosed during pregnancy and, in this study, was more frequent in children of mothers at the height of menacme, low schooling, and urban dwellers. Despite preventive measures already in place, congenital syphilis continues to be a public health problem in this capital of the Brazilian North and should continue to be the target of studies that generate new prevention strategies. (AU)

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RESUMO: Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico é uma doença de origem autoimune que apresenta um amplo espectro de manifestações clínicas causadas pelo estado inflamatório crônico. A associação com a síndrome do anticorpo antifosfolípide ocorre em aproximadamente 36% dos pacientes lúpicos. Nesses pacientes, a doença de base e o uso crônico de corticosteroides contribuem para aterosclerose acelerada, uma complicação que agrega risco cardiovascular. Relatamos um caso de acidente vascular encefálico em paciente de 25 anos portadora de lúpus eritematoso sistêmico e síndrome do anticorpo antifosfolípide. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that presents a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations caused by the chronic inflammatory state. Association with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome occurs in approximately 36% of lupus patients. In these patients, the underlying disease and the chronic use of corticosteroids contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis, a complication that adds increased cardiovascular risk. We report a case of stroke in a 25-year-old patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. (AU)

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RESUMO: A hematúria é definida como o achado de mais que duas hemácias por campo de aumento na análise microscópica de urina coletada por jato médio. Na sua forma macroscópica, caracteriza-se por sua coloração típica (avermelhada ou marrom), acompanhada pela presença de mais de 106 hemácias/ml na sedimentoscopia. É uma condição que necessita de investigação da causa e apresenta-se com prevalência incerta e definição às vezes imprecisa, mas com vasto diagnóstico diferencial. Dentre as possíveis causas, encontramos a presença do traço falciforme, aparentemente subdiagnosticado, e a síndrome de quebra-nozes, possibilidade mais rara. No caso relatado a seguir, foram diagnosticadas simultaneamente as duas causas acima citadas, descobertas após a investigação do primeiro episódio de hematúria macroscópica em uma mulher jovem previamente hígida. Com o objetivo de chamar a atenção para a concomitância de duas possíveis e incomuns causas de hematúria numa mesma paciente, relatamos o caso a seguir. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Hematuria is defined as the finding more than two red blood cells per field of analysis in the microscopic analysis of the urine collected by the medium jet. In its macroscopic form, it is characterized by its typical coloration (reddish or brown), accompanied by the presence of more than 106 red cells/ml in urinary sediment. It is a condition that needs investigation and it presents itself sometimes with imprecise definition, but with vast differential diagnosis. Among the possible etiologies, there is the presence of the sickle cell trait, apparently underdiagnosed, and the renal nutcracker syndrome, a rarer possibility. In the case reported below, these two findings were diagnosed simultaneously, following an investigation of the first episode of macroscopic hematuria in a young and previously healthy woman. In order to draw attention to the simultaneous presence of two unusual causes of hematuria in the same patient, we report the following case. (AU)

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ABSTRACT Purpose: to assess the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with the development of pneumonia in post-stroke patients hospitalized in a tertiary hospital, located in the Vale do São Francisco, that covers the states of Pernambuco and Bahia, Brazil. Methods: a unicentric, observational, analytical, cross-sectional study, based on the medical records of patients diagnosed with stroke and included in the Stroke Registry (RAVESS study). The statistical analysis was made with the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and the analysis of variance, with the Bonferroni's post-test, and P≤0.05. Results: data from 69 patients presented with acute stroke were collected, aged 63.2±16.8 years; 37 (53.6%) were females; the prevalence of pneumonia during hospital stay was estimated at 31.9% (95% confidence interval: 21.2-44.2%). In the univariate analysis of predictors for post-stroke pneumonia, the following were identified: older age (72.6±17.9 vs. 58.8±14.5; P = 0.001), lower response signal to the Glasgow Coma Scale at admission (11.3±1.8 vs. 13.3±2.1; P = 0.001), and higher frequency of dysarthria at admission (61.9% vs. 27.9%; P = 0.009). Conclusion: pneumonia was a prevalent complication in post-stroke patients at a Brazilian tertiary hospital. It was related to the patient's older age and the severity of the cerebral event.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar as características demográficas e clínicas associadas ao desenvolvimento de pneumonia em pacientes após acidente vascular encefálico internados em um hospital terciário do Vale do São Francisco que atende os estados de Pernambuco e Bahia, Brasil. Métodos: trata-se de estudo unicêntrico, observacional, analítico e transversal realizado a partir dos prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de acidente vascular encefálico incluídos no Registro de Acidente Vascular Encefálico (Estudo RAVESS). A análise estatística foi composta pelos testes qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e a análise de variância com pós-teste de Bonferroni com nível de P≤0,05. Resultados: foram coletados dados de 69 pacientes com AVE agudo com média±desvio padrão de idade de 63,2±16,8 anos, sendo 37 (53,6%) do sexo feminino, com prevalência de pneumonia durante o internamento estimada em 31,9% (Intervalo de Confiança de 95%: 21,2-44,2%). Na análise univariada para preditores de pneumonia após acidente vascular encefálico foram identificados: idade mais avançada (72,6±17,9 vs. 58,8±14,5; P=0,001), menor sinal de resposta a escala de coma de Glasgow durante a admissão (11,3±1,8 vs. 13,3±2,1; P=0,001) e maior frequência de disartria na admissão (61,9% vs. 27,9%; P=0,009). Conclusão: a pneumonia foi uma complicação prevalente em pacientes após acidente vascular encefálico de um hospital terciário brasileiro, tendo sido relacionada com idade avançada do paciente e a severidade do evento encefálico.

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Fever of undetermined origin (FUO) is a challenging entity with a striking presence in hospitals around the world. It is defined as temperature ≥ 37.8 ° C on several occasions, lasting ≥ three weeks, in the absence of diagnosis after three days of hospital investigation or 3 outpatient visits. The main etiologies are infectious, neoplastic, and non-infectious inflammatory diseases. The diagnosis is based on the detailed clinical history and physical examination of these patients, in order to direct the specific complementary tests to be performed in each case. The initial diagnostic approach of the FUO patient should include non-specific complementary exams. Empirical therapy is not recommended (with few exceptions) in patients with prolonged fever, as it may disguise and delay the diagnosis and conduct to treat the specific etiology. The prognosis encompasses mortality of 12-35%, varying according to the baseline etiology.

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SUMMARY Fever of undetermined origin (FUO) is a challenging entity with a striking presence in hospitals around the world. It is defined as temperature ≥ 37.8 ° C on several occasions, lasting ≥ three weeks, in the absence of diagnosis after three days of hospital investigation or 3 outpatient visits. The main etiologies are infectious, neoplastic, and non-infectious inflammatory diseases. The diagnosis is based on the detailed clinical history and physical examination of these patients, in order to direct the specific complementary tests to be performed in each case. The initial diagnostic approach of the FUO patient should include non-specific complementary exams. Empirical therapy is not recommended (with few exceptions) in patients with prolonged fever, as it may disguise and delay the diagnosis and conduct to treat the specific etiology. The prognosis encompasses mortality of 12-35%, varying according to the baseline etiology.

RESUMO Febre de origem indeterminada (FOI) é uma entidade desafiadora com presença marcante nos hospitais de todo o mundo. É definida como temperatura ≥37,8 ° C em várias ocasiões, com duração ≥3 semanas, na ausência de diagnóstico após três dias de investigação hospitalar ou três consultas ambulatoriais. As principais etiologias são de ordem infecciosa, neoplásica e doenças inflamatórias não infecciosas. O diagnóstico é baseado na história clínica e no exame físico minuciosos desses pacientes, com a finalidade de direcionar os exames complementares específicos a serem realizados em cada caso. A abordagem diagnóstica inicial do paciente com FOI deve incluir exames complementares inespecíficos. A terapia empírica não é recomendada (com poucas exceções) em pacientes com febre prolongada, uma vez que ela pode camuflar e retardar o diagnóstico e a conduta para tratar a etiologia específica. O prognóstico engloba uma mortalidade de 12-35%, variando de acordo com a etiologia de base.

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Fever of undetermined origin (FUO) is a challenging entity with a striking presence in hospitals around the world and can be associated with a myriad of differential diagnoses. It is defined as axillary temperature ≥ 37.8 ° C on several occasions, lasting ≥ three weeks, in the absence of diagnosis after three days of hospital investigation or three outpatient visits. The main etiologies are: infectious, neoplastic, and rheumatic. The diagnosis is based on the detailed clinical history and physical examination of these patients, in order to direct the specific complementary tests to be performed in each case. Empirical therapy is not recommended (with few exceptions) in patients with prolonged fever, as it may disguise and delay the diagnosis and conduct to treat the specific etiology. The prognosis encompasses mortality of 12% - 35%, varying according to the underlying etiology. In this sense, the objective of this study is to review the main topics about fever of undetermined origin, bringing historical and scientific aspects, national and international.

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SUMMARY Fever of undetermined origin (FUO) is a challenging entity with a striking presence in hospitals around the world and can be associated with a myriad of differential diagnoses. It is defined as axillary temperature ≥ 37.8 ° C on several occasions, lasting ≥ three weeks, in the absence of diagnosis after three days of hospital investigation or three outpatient visits. The main etiologies are: infectious, neoplastic, and rheumatic. The diagnosis is based on the detailed clinical history and physical examination of these patients, in order to direct the specific complementary tests to be performed in each case. Empirical therapy is not recommended (with few exceptions) in patients with prolonged fever, as it may disguise and delay the diagnosis and conduct to treat the specific etiology. The prognosis encompasses mortality of 12% - 35%, varying according to the underlying etiology. In this sense, the objective of this study is to review the main topics about fever of undetermined origin, bringing historical and scientific aspects, national and international.

RESUMO Febre de origem indeterminada (FOI) é uma entidade desafiadora com presença marcante nos hospitais de todo o mundo, à qual uma miríade de diagnósticos diferenciais podem estar associados. É definida como temperatura axilar ≥37,8 0 C em várias ocasiões, com duração ≥ três semanas, na ausência de diagnóstico após três dias de investigação hospitalar ou três consultas ambulatoriais. As principais etiologias são de ordem infecciosa, neoplásica e reumatológica. O diagnóstico é baseado na história clínica e no exame físico minuciosos desses pacientes, com a finalidade de direcionar os exames complementares específicos a serem realizados em cada caso. A terapia empírica não é recomendada (com poucas exceções) em pacientes com febre prolongada, uma vez que ela pode camuflar e retardar o diagnóstico e a conduta para tratar a etiologia específica. O prognóstico engloba uma mortalidade de 12-35%, variando de acordo com a etiologia de base. O objetivo deste estudo é revisar os principais tópicos acerca da febre de origem indeterminada, trazendo aspectos históricos e científicos, nacionais e internacionais.

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Introdução: Granulomatose com poliangiite (GPA) é uma vasculite granulomatosa necrosante pauci-imune que afeta predominantemente pequenos vasos. É uma doença rara, de etiologia multifatorial, e constitui importante diagnóstico diferencial das síndromes pulmão-rim. Objetivo: atualizar os principais tópicos acerca da granulomatose com poliangiite, além de trazer perspectivas futuras e avanços no manejo clínico dessa vasculite. Metodologia: revisão de literatura realizada em 2018 a partir das publicações dos últimos 5 anos nas base de dados do PubMed Central® e da SciELO®. Resultados: 29 referências bibliográficas selecionadas, das quais: 16 revisões de leteratura; 2 revisões sistemáticas; 1 estudo transversal; 2 estudos caso-controle; 6 coortes; 2 consensos atualizados (1 brasileiro de 2017 e 1 internacional de 2017). Conclusão: a granulomatose com poliangiite é uma entidade de elevada morbimortalidade, e teve seu algoritmo de tratamento recentemente atualizado, conforme abordado nesta revisão. Novos estudos ainda em estão em andamento para avaliar a eficácia e segurança de novas abordagens terapêuticas.

Introduction: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a pauci-immune necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis that affects predominantly small vessels. It is a rare disease with a multifactorial etiology and an important differential diagnosis of Pulmonary-renal syndromes. Objective: to update the main topics about granulomatosis with polyangiitis, in addition to bringing future perspectives and advances in the clinical management of this vasculitis. Methodology: literature review conducted in 2018 from the publications of the last 5 years in PubMed Central® and SciELO® databases. Results: 29 selected bibliographical references, of which: 16 literature reviews; 2 systematic reviews; 1 cross-sectional study; 2 case-control studies; 6 cohorts; 2 updated consensuses (1 Brazilian, 2017 and 1 international, 2017). Conclusion: granulomatosis with polyangiitis is an entity with high morbidity and mortality, and its treatment algorithm has recently been updated, as discussed in this review. Further studies are underway to evaluate the efficacy and safety of novel therapeutic approaches.

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