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Tardive oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is iatrogenic in origin and is characterised by orofacial and lingual stereotypes more frequently than the idiopathic form of OMD Tardive OMD is often associated with anti-dopaminergic treatment involving drugs such as anti-psychotics, anti-emetics, and anti-vertigo agents, although the syndrome can also be triggered by anti-epileptic or anti-depressant drugs that do not have anti-dopaminergic properties. We report an elderly female patient with OMD after prolonged, self-administered treatment with betahistine dihydrochloride, a histamine analogue.

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BACKGROUND: The relationship between appropriate caudal dorsum resection and supratip deformity or inadequate tip projection currently is clear. Correct quadrangular cartilage management seems to have a basic role in the final tip aspect after aesthetic rhinoplasty. METHODS: Primary aesthetic rhinoplasty was performed for 38 Caucasian patients. A septal refinement was used for patients requiring extra tip support and not requiring grafts. RESULTS: The minimum follow-up period was 1 year. No supratip deformity was noted after surgery. The tip and midvault had adequate projection. CONCLUSIONS: The described maneuver sustains the alar cartilage without sutures, preventing supratip deformity, sustaining soft tissues, and avoiding loss of tip projection.

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Maedi-visna is a systemic disease of sheep caused by a lentivirus, maedi-visna virus (MVV), which mainly affects the lungs and central nervous system but may also affect the mammary glands, joints and other tissues. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the third eyelid was affected in cases of systemic infection. Third eyelid and lung samples from sheep naturally infected with maedi were used. Total DNA was extracted from paraffin-wax-embedded tissues, and a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify MVV proviral DNA. The samples were also tested by in-situ PCR and immunohistochemical methods specific for the detection of MVV proviral DNA and p25, respectively. All sheep showed moderate to severe chronic lymphoproliferative inflammation in the third eyelids. Products of the expected size were obtained by PCR from both lung and third eyelid tissue. In the nictitating membrane, MVV proviral DNA was detected in situ within macrophages, and glandular, ductal and surface epithelia. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the infection was productive. Taken together, these results indicate that the third eyelid may represent a target for natural MVV infection and may play a role in disease transmission.

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Maedi Visna Virus (MVV) is the etiological agent of a systemic disease of sheep, which causes lesions in lungs, the central nervous system, joints, and mammary glands. It has been speculated that the association with Brucella ovis may lead to the venereal shedding of the virus. In this work, samples of epididymis from ten rams positive for MVV and infected experimentally with Brucella ovis, were subjected to liquid-phase PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ PCR tests, aimed at identifying the pathogens in a tissue context. IHC was carried out using a monoclonal antibody raised against p28 MVV protein and a polyclonal antibody to B. ovis. Liquid phase- and in situ PCR were designed to amplify a portion of MVV proviral DNA Pol sequence. In the animals showing B. ovis-related histopathological changes, IHC clearly demonstrated a positivity for B. ovis and MVV in interstitial and epithelial ductal cells. In situ PCR assessed the presence of MVV proviral DNA in macrophages and elements inside the epithelium. The unaffected and reagent control samples constantly gave negative results. Taken together, these data demonstrate that MVV may affect ovine epididymis, apparently taking advantage of the concurrent infection by B. ovis. The tropism of MVV for the epididymal epithelial cells, may be responsible for its excretion with the semen.

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The endogenous retroviruses are inherited elements transmitted trough the germline of most animal species and their biological role is still controversial. Ovine Pulmonary Carcinoma (OPC) represents a good model for studying the interactions of endogenous retroviruses with their exogenous counterparts. The type D exogenous retrovirus known as Jaagsiekte Sheep Retro-Virus (JSRV) is necessary and sufficient to cause OPC in domestic and wild sheep, but both affected and unaffected animals host in their genome 15 to 20 copies of related endogenous retroviruses named endogenous JSRV (enJSRV). In this study we evaluated the expression of enJSRV gag sequences in ovine foetal and placental tissues. RNA in situ hybridisation was performed on tissue sections of thymi, lymph nodes and lungs from ovine foetuses and related placentas, taken at a late stage of development. Reverse transcriptase-in situ polymerase chain reactions were also carried out on placental samples to better define the involved cells. In foetal tissues, specific signals were observed in the thymus medulla, lymph nodes and, at a lesser extent, in foetal bronchiolar cells. In the placental tissues, positive areas were detected in various cell types in the sincythium-and cyto-trophoblast. These data demonstrate that en JSRV RNA is largely expressed in a broad spectrum of cells including tissues which are critical for the development of the immune system.

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Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma has been described in man and in several animal species, including cattle, dogs, opossums, goats and sheep. In sheep, a bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma, known as ovine pulmonary carcinoma (OPC), is caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), an exogenous type D retrovirus. In the mid-1980s, a severe outbreak of a disease resembling OPC was described in captive Sardinian moufflon (Ovis musimon). In the present study, the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of nucleic acids extracted from archival material established that JSRV was associated with OPC in affected moufflon. JSRV was detected in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes. Immunohistochemical and in-situ PCR demonstrated that in the lungs, JSRV proviral DNA was localized in transformed and untransformed type II pneumocytes and in the alveolar macrophages. In the mediastinal lymph nodes, JSRV DNA was mainly located in the cortical follicles and paracortex. These data suggest that JSRV is the cause of OPC in Sardinian moufflon, as it is in Sardinian sheep.

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Archive paraffin wax-embedded sections of brain from goats and kids naturally infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) were examined. Severe leucoencephalitis was present, with infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages into the white matter, meninges and choroid plexus. On both CAEV-positive and negative (control) tissues, in-situ polymerase chain reactions were used to amplify a DNA sequence specific to the proviral Pol region. In the infected tissues, strong hybridization signals were observed, mainly located in macrophages, microglial cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and in the ependymal epithelium and choroid plexus. Positive areas were also found in the spinal cord in endothelial cells of small blood vessels. Some neurons showed a positive reaction.

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The authors review the main facial pain syndromes, which put often important diagnostic problems to the chephalic district specialists. The syndromes are discussed with modern nosographic criteria. Epidemiologic data and pain peculiarities, both essentials for a correct diagnosis, are stressed for each of the reported syndromes.

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The aim of this work was to investigate whether the thrombin activity is related to the degree of anticoagulation induced by oral anticoagulants. Moreover, we tried to detect an optimal anticoagulation range at which the lowest possible thrombin activity can be reached. We investigated 28 patients (19 women and 9 men, mean age 54 +/- 9 years). Anticoagulation had been induced by acenocoumarol for at least 1 year before the beginning of this study. The degree of anticoagulation was monitored by the thrombotest coagulation method. The therapeutic range was 5-13%. The thrombin activity was measured by means of the fibrinopeptide A radioimmunological assay. In 15, 7, and 6 of the patients, thrombotest and fibrinopeptide A were carried out twice, once, and three times, respectively. Our results show first of all a significant positive relationship between thrombotest and fibrinopeptide A (p less than 0.001). Once this result was obtained, we tried to improve our identification of the behaviour of the thrombin activity in relation to the degree of anticoagulation assessed by thrombotest. For this purpose we employed a third-degree polynomial regression analysis which showed a better fit of the data. Since the curve became steeper from about 10% thrombotest levels, we divided the FPA values on the basis of thrombotest ranges. FPA values for the 14- to 25% thrombotest range were significantly different from those in the thrombotest range of 4-10%. Moreover, FPA levels in the 11 to 13% thrombotest range were significantly different from those in the thrombotest range of 4-10%. Our results suggest that a significant decrease in thrombin activity may be achieved only with a deep anticoagulation.

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