RESUMEN
This study was undertaken to assess the suitability of fentanyl/fluanisone ('Hypnorm', VetaPharma; 0.315 mg/mL of fentanyl citrate and 10 mg/mL of fluanisone) alone or combined with midazolam in rhesus macaques. Fifteen rhesus macaques requiring sedation for veterinary procedures received an intramuscular (IM) dose range of Hypnorm from 0.01 mL/kg to 0.3 mL/kg either alone or combined with 0.5 mg/kg of midazolam. To reverse the sedation, flumazenil in combination with either naloxone, buprenorphine or butorphanol was administered intravenously (IV) or IM. Rhesus macaques were successfully sedated with 0.1 mL/kg of Hypnorm and 0.5 mg/kg of midazolam, and sedation was partially reversed by the administration of flumazenil and either naloxone or buprenorphine. However the primates remained slightly sedated and were only released into their home cage several hours post recovery. Butorphanol failed to induce recovery and caused marked respiratory depression. The neuroleptanalgesic combination, Hypnorm and midazolam, effectively immobilized rhesus macaques and was reversible with a combination of flumazenil and either naloxone or buprenorphine.
Asunto(s)
Butirofenonas/farmacología , Fentanilo/farmacología , Macaca mulatta , Midazolam/farmacología , Antagonistas de Narcóticos/farmacología , Periodo de Recuperación de la Anestesia , Animales , Combinación de Medicamentos , Humanos , Hipnóticos y Sedantes , Macaca mulatta/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pulsed wave (PW) Doppler echocardiography has become a routine non invasive cardiac diagnostic tool in most species. However, evaluation of intracardiac blood flow requires reference values, which are poorly documented in goats. The aim of this study was to test the repeatability, the variability, and to establish the reference values of PW measurements in healthy adult Saanen goats. Using a standardised PW Doppler echocardiographic protocol, 10 healthy adult unsedated female Saanen goats were investigated three times at one day intervals by the same observer. Mitral, tricuspid, aortic and pulmonary flows were measured from a right parasternal view, and mitral and aortic flows were also measured from a left parasternal view. The difference between left and right side measurements and the intra-observer inter-day repeatability were tested and then the reference values of PW Doppler echocardiographic parameters in healthy adult female Saanen goats were established. RESULTS: As documented in other species, all caprine PW Doppler parameters demonstrated a poor inter-day repeatability and a moderate variability. Tricuspid and pulmonary flows were best evaluated on the right side whereas mitral and aortic flows were best obtained on the left side, and reference values are reported for healthy adult Saanen goats. CONCLUSIONS: PW Doppler echocardiography allows the measurement of intracardiac blood flow indices in goats. The reference values establishment will help interpreting these indices of cardiac function in clinical cardiac cases and developing animal models for human cardiology research.
Asunto(s)
Ecocardiografía Doppler de Pulso/veterinaria , Cabras/anatomía & histología , Corazón/anatomía & histología , Animales , Femenino , Valores de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of age on pulmonary hemodynamics and hemorheological properties in healthy dogs. ANIMALS: 14 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES: Dogs were placed in 2 age groups as follows: young dogs (
Asunto(s)
Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Perros/fisiología , Ecocardiografía Doppler/veterinaria , Arteria Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagen , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Animales , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Viscosidad Sanguínea , Cateterismo Cardíaco/métodos , Cateterismo Cardíaco/veterinaria , Diástole , Frecuencia Cardíaca/fisiología , Selección de Paciente , Arteria Pulmonar/fisiología , Valores de Referencia , Frecuencia Respiratoria/fisiología , Volumen Sistólico/fisiología , Sístole , Resistencia VascularRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined atropine low-dose dobutamine stress test on left ventricular parameters in adult warmblood horses, to establish a potential protocol for pharmacological stress echocardiography. Seven healthy untrained warmblood horses aged 9 to 22 years were used. Heart rate (HR) and left ventricular B- and M-mode dimensions were recorded at baseline and during stress testing with 35 microg/kg atropine IV followed by incremental dobutamine infusion of 2 to 6 microg/kg/min. HR increased significantly (P < .05) during the pharmacological challenge, and a maximal HR of 156.6 +/- 12.5 bpm was reached at maximal dobutamine infusion rate. Systolic and diastolic interventricular septum thickness, systolic and diastolic left ventricular free wall thickness, and fractional shortening increased significantly and reached a maximum at the highest infusion rate (mean +/- SD: 4.51 +/- 0.27 versus 5.65 +/- 0.31 cm, 2.89 +/- 0.19 versus 3.78 +/- 0.10 cm, 3.72 +/- 0.34 versus 4.77 +/- 0.18 cm, 2.44 +/- 0.28 versus 3.11 +/- 0.34 cm, 34.98 +/- 3.82 versus 50.56 +/- 3.42%, respectively). Systolic and diastolic left ventricular internal diameter decreased significantly during dobutamine infusion. Left ventricular external and internal area were significantly lower at a dobutamine infusion rate of 2 microg/kg/min but no further decrease was observed during the subsequent steps. Systolic and diastolic myocardial area was significantly lower after the administration of dobutamine but not significantly different during dobutamine infusion, when compared to baseline values. This pharmacological stress test induced significant changes in left ventricular echocardiographic parameters in adult warmblood horses. Additional research should evaluate the value of this stress test in horses suffering from cardiac disease.