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INTRODUCTION: Endometriosis is a female disease that affects 5-10% of women of childbearing age, with predominantly pelvic manifestations. It is currently declared as a public health priority in France. Thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES) is the most common extra-pelvic manifestation. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics, and outcomes of patients with TES in Martinique. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a descriptive, retrospective study including all patients managed at the University Hospital of Martinique for TES between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2020. RESULTS: During the study period, we identified 479 cases of pneumothorax, of which 212 were women (44%). Sixty-three patients (30% of all female pneumothorax) were catamenial pneumothorax (CP) including 49 pneumothoraxes alone (78% of catamenial pneumothorax) and 14 hemopneumothorax (22% of catamenial pneumothorax). There were 71 cases of TES, including 49 pneumothoraxes (69%), 14 hemopneumothoraxes (20%) and 8 hemothorax (11%). The annual incidence of TES was 1.1 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The prevalence of TES was 1.2/1000 women aged from 15 to 45 years and the annual incidence of TES for this group was 6.9/100,000. The annual incidence of CP was 1 case/100,000 inhabitants. The average age at diagnosis was 36 ± 6 years. Eight patients (11%) had no prior diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis (PE). The mean age at pelvic endometriosis diagnosis was 29 ± 6 years. The mean time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 24 ± 50 weeks, and 53 ± 123 days from diagnosis to surgery. Thirty-two patients (47%) had prior abdominopelvic surgery. Seventeen patients (24%) presented other extra-pelvic localizations. When it came to management, 69/71 patients (97%) underwent surgery. Diaphragmatic nodules or perforations were found in 68/69 patients (98.5%). Histological confirmation was obtained in 55/65 patients who underwent resection (84.6%). Forty-four patients (62%) experienced recurrence. The mean time from the initial treatment to recurrence was 20 ± 33 months. The recurrence rate was 16/19 (84.2%) in patients who received medical therapy only, 11/17 (64.7%) in patients treated by surgery alone, and 17/31 (51.8%) in patients treated with surgery and medical therapy (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: We observed a very high incidence of TES in Martinique. The factors associated with this high incidence in this specific geographical area remain to be elucidated. The frequency of recurrence was lower in patients who received both hormone therapy and surgery.
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BACKGROUND: Based on the current need for new drugs against malaria, our study evaluated eight beta amino ketones in silico and in vitro for potential antimalarial activity. METHODS: Using the Brazilian Malaria Molecular Targets (BraMMT) and OCTOPUS® software programs, the pattern of interactions of beta-amino ketones was described against different proteins of P. falciparum and screened to evaluate their physicochemical properties. The in vitro antiplasmodial activities of the compounds were evaluated using a SYBR Green-based assay. In parallel, in vitro cytotoxic data were obtained using the MTT assay. RESULTS: Among the eight compounds, compound 1 was the most active and selective against P. falciparum (IC50 = 0.98 µM; SI > 60). Six targets were identified in BraMMT that interact with compounds exhibiting a stronger binding energy than the crystallographic ligand: P. falciparum triophosphate phosphoglycolate complex (1LYX), P. falciparum reductase (2OK8), PfPK7 (2PML), P. falciparum glutaredoxin (4N0Z), PfATP6, and PfHT. CONCLUSIONS: The physicochemical properties of compound 1 were compatible with the set of criteria established by the Lipinski rule and demonstrated its potential as a drug prototype for antiplasmodial activity.
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Antimaláricos , Malaria Falciparum , Malaria , Antimaláricos/farmacología , Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Glutarredoxinas/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Cetonas/farmacología , Cetonas/uso terapéutico , Ligandos , Malaria Falciparum/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Plasmodium falciparumRESUMEN
An experimental and computational methodology for the analysis of the Lewis acid/base responses of ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DES) is proposed. It is based on the donor and acceptor of the electronic charge ability of Lewis acid and bases concepts (donicity and acceptor numbers, DN and AN, respectively) proposed by Viktor Gutmann. The binding enthalpy between the IL/DES with the probe antimony pentachloride (SbCl5) in dichloroethane displays good correlations with experimental data. This approach could serve as a first approximation to predict the responses to H-bonding abilities of new IL or DES. Although useful, the problems encountered to model the electron AN of these solvents limit the usefulness of the approach to completely describe their polarity properties. The experimental data were recorded using UV-Vis spectroscopy for a wide range of ILs and a couple of DES. Two reactions were used as benchmarks to test the reliability of the DN model to discuss the reactivity of real systems in these neoteric solvents.
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ABSTRACT Background: Based on the current need for new drugs against malaria, our study evaluated eight beta amino ketones in silico and in vitro for potential antimalarial activity. Methods: Using the Brazilian Malaria Molecular Targets (BraMMT) and OCTOPUS® software programs, the pattern of interactions of beta-amino ketones was described against different proteins of P. falciparum and screened to evaluate their physicochemical properties. The in vitro antiplasmodial activities of the compounds were evaluated using a SYBR Green-based assay. In parallel, in vitro cytotoxic data were obtained using the MTT assay. Results: Among the eight compounds, compound 1 was the most active and selective against P. falciparum (IC50 = 0.98 µM; SI > 60). Six targets were identified in BraMMT that interact with compounds exhibiting a stronger binding energy than the crystallographic ligand: P. falciparum triophosphate phosphoglycolate complex (1LYX), P. falciparum reductase (2OK8), PfPK7 (2PML), P. falciparum glutaredoxin (4N0Z), PfATP6, and PfHT. Conclusions: The physicochemical properties of compound 1 were compatible with the set of criteria established by the Lipinski rule and demonstrated its potential as a drug prototype for antiplasmodial activity.
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BACKGROUND: The resistance against antimalarial drugs represents a global challenge in the fight and control of malaria. The Brazilian biodiversity can be an important tool for research and development of new medicinal products. In this context, toxinology is a multidisciplinary approach on the development of new drugs, including the isolation, purification, and evaluation of the pharmacological activities of natural toxins. The present study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity, as well as the antimalarial activity in silico and in vitro of four compounds isolated from Rhinella marina venom as potential oral drug prototypes. METHODS: Four compounds were challenged against 35 target proteins from P. falciparum and screened to evaluate their physicochemical properties using docking assay in Brazilian Malaria Molecular Targets (BraMMT) software and in silico assay in OCTOPUS® software. The in vitro antimalarial activity of the compounds against the 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum clones were assessed using the SYBR Green I based assay (IC50). For the cytotoxic tests, the LD50 was determined in human pulmonary fibroblast cell line using the [3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay. RESULTS: All compounds presented a ligand-receptor interaction with ten Plasmodium falciparum-related protein targets, as well as antimalarial activity against chloroquine resistant strain (IC50 = 3.44 µM to 19.11 µM). Three of them (dehydrobufotenine, marinobufagin, and bufalin) showed adequate conditions for oral drug prototypes, with satisfactory prediction of absorption, permeability, and absence of toxicity. In the cell viability assay, only dehydrobufotenin was selective for the parasite. CONCLUSIONS: Dehydrobufotenin revealed to be a potential oral drug prototype presenting adequate antimalarial activity and absence of cytotoxicity, therefore should be subjected to further studies.
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he resistance against antimalarial drugs represents a global challenge in the fight and control of malaria. The Brazilian biodiversity can be an important tool for research and development of new medicinal products. In this context, toxinology is a multidisciplinary approach on the development of new drugs, including the isolation, purification, and evaluation of the pharmacological activities of natural toxins. The present study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity, as well as the antimalarial activity in silico and in vitro of four compounds isolated from Rhinella marina venom as potential oral drug prototypes. Methods: Four compounds were challenged against 35 target proteins from P. falciparum and screened to evaluate their physicochemical properties using docking assay in Brazilian Malaria Molecular Targets (BraMMT) software and in silico assay in OCTOPUS® software. The in vitro antimalarial activity of the compounds against the 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum clones were assessed using the SYBR Green I based assay (IC50). For the cytotoxic tests, the LD50 was determined in human pulmonary fibroblast cell line using the [3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay. Results: All compounds presented a ligand-receptor interaction with ten Plasmodium falciparum-related protein targets, as well as antimalarial activity against chloroquine resistant strain (IC50 = 3.44 µM to 19.11 µM). Three of them (dehydrobufotenine, marinobufagin, and bufalin) showed adequate conditions for oral drug prototypes, with satisfactory prediction of absorption, permeability, and absence of toxicity. In the cell viability assay, only dehydrobufotenin was selective for the parasite. Conclusions: Dehydrobufotenin revealed to be a potential oral drug prototype presenting adequate antimalarial activity and absence of cytotoxicity, therefore should be subjected to further studies.(AU)
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Bufanólidos/administración & dosificación , Bufonidae , Biodiversidad , Malaria/inmunología , Antimaláricos , Técnicas In Vitro , Simulación por ComputadorRESUMEN
he resistance against antimalarial drugs represents a global challenge in the fight and control of malaria. The Brazilian biodiversity can be an important tool for research and development of new medicinal products. In this context, toxinology is a multidisciplinary approach on the development of new drugs, including the isolation, purification, and evaluation of the pharmacological activities of natural toxins. The present study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity, as well as the antimalarial activity in silico and in vitro of four compounds isolated from Rhinella marina venom as potential oral drug prototypes. Methods: Four compounds were challenged against 35 target proteins from P. falciparum and screened to evaluate their physicochemical properties using docking assay in Brazilian Malaria Molecular Targets (BraMMT) software and in silico assay in OCTOPUS® software. The in vitro antimalarial activity of the compounds against the 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum clones were assessed using the SYBR Green I based assay (IC50). For the cytotoxic tests, the LD50 was determined in human pulmonary fibroblast cell line using the [3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay. Results: All compounds presented a ligand-receptor interaction with ten Plasmodium falciparum-related protein targets, as well as antimalarial activity against chloroquine resistant strain (IC50 = 3.44 µM to 19.11 µM). Three of them (dehydrobufotenine, marinobufagin, and bufalin) showed adequate conditions for oral drug prototypes, with satisfactory prediction of absorption, permeability, and absence of toxicity. In the cell viability assay, only dehydrobufotenin was selective for the parasite. Conclusions: Dehydrobufotenin revealed to be a potential oral drug prototype presenting adequate antimalarial activity and absence of cytotoxicity, therefore should be subjected to further studies.(AU)
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Bufanólidos/administración & dosificación , Bufonidae , Biodiversidad , Malaria/inmunología , Antimaláricos , Técnicas In Vitro , Simulación por ComputadorRESUMEN
Acute infection with Plasmodium vivax, classically associated with benign disease, has been presenting as serious and even fatal disease in recent years. Severe disease is mainly due to biochemical and hematological alterations during the acute phase of infection. In the present cross-sectional study, the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) was evaluated as a method for identifying patients at risk of severe vivax malaria. This retrospective study included 130 patients with confirmed P. vivax infection between June 2006 and January 2018. Clinical-epidemiological data were obtained from medical records. Hematological and biochemical parameters were determined using automated equipment. The criteria of severity for infection by Plasmodium falciparum, established by the World Health Organization (WHO), were adapted to classify patients with danger signs of severe vivax malaria. Of the 130 patient's records evaluated, 19 (14.6%) had one or more signs and symptoms of severe malaria. The mean APRI values among patients with and without severe malaria were 2.11 and 1.09, respectively (p = 0.044). Among those with severe disease, the proportion with an APRI value above 1.50 was 30% compared to the 10% among those without severe disease (p = 0.007). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% CI), calculated to assess the accuracy of the APRI in discriminating between patients with and without severe disease, was 0.645 (0.494; 0.795). An APRI cutoff of 0.74 resulted in sensitivity of 74.0%, specificity of 56.0%, and accuracy of 65.0%. This study shows that the APRI is elevated in patients with evidence of infection by P. vivax. Based on the good sensitivity found in this study, we conclude that this simple index can serve as a diagnostic biomarker to identify patients at risk of severe disease during the acute phase of P. vivax infection.
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Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Malaria Vivax/sangre , Malaria Vivax/diagnóstico , Plasmodium vivax/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Biomarcadores/sangre , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Curva ROC , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions of 4-chloroquinazoline toward aniline and hydrazine were used as a model system to experimentally show that a substrate bearing heteroatoms on the aromatic ring as substituent is able to establish intramolecular hydrogen bond which may be activated by the reaction media and/or the nature of the nucleophile.
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Plasmodium vivax remains a global health problem and its ability to cause relapses and subpatent infections challenge control and elimination strategies. Even in low malaria transmission settings, such as the Amazon basin, where progress in malaria control has caused a remarkable reduction in case incidence, a recent increase in P. vivax transmission demonstrates the continued vulnerability of P.vivax-exposed populations. As part of a search for complementary approaches to P.vivax surveillance in areas in which adults are the majority of the exposed-population, here we evaluated the potential of serological markers covering a wide range of immunogenicity to estimate malaria transmission trends. For this, antibodies against leading P. vivax blood-stage vaccine candidates were assessed during a 9 year follow-up study among adults exposed to unstable malaria transmission in the Amazon rainforest. Circulating antibody levels against immunogenic P. vivax proteins, such as the Apical Membrane Antigen-1, were a sensitive measure of recent P. vivax exposure, while antibodies against less immunogenic proteins were indicative of naturally-acquired immunity, including the novel engineered Duffy binding protein II immunogen (DEKnull-2). Our results suggest that the robustness of serology to estimate trends in P.vivax malaria transmission will depend on the immunological background of the study population, and that for adult populations exposed to unstable P.vivax malaria transmission, the local heterogeneity of antibody responses should be considered when considering use of serological surveillance.
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Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Malaria Vivax/inmunología , Malaria Vivax/transmisión , Plasmodium vivax/inmunología , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangre , Brasil , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Malaria Vivax/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Bosque Lluvioso , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Malaria has provided a major selective pressure and has modulated the genetic diversity of the human genome. The variants of the Duffy Antigen/Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) gene have probably been selected by malaria parasites, particularly the FY*O allele, which is fixed in sub-Saharan Africa and confers resistance to Plasmodium vivax infection. Here, we showed the influence of genomic ancestry on the distribution of DARC genotypes in a highly admixed Brazilian population and confirmed the decreased susceptibility of the FY*A/FY*O genotype to clinical P. vivax malaria. FY*B/FY*O individuals were associated with a greater risk of developing clinical malaria. A remarkable difference among DARC variants concerning the susceptibility to clinical malaria was more evident for individuals who were less exposed to malaria, as measured by the time of residence in the endemic area. Additionally, we found that DARC-negative and FY*A/FY*O individuals had a greater chance of acquiring high levels of antibodies against the 19-kDa C-terminal region of the P. vivax merozoite surface protein-1. Altogether, our results provide evidence that DARC polymorphisms modulate the susceptibility to clinical P. vivax malaria and influence the naturally-acquired humoral immune response to malaria blood antigens, which may interfere with the efficacy of a future vaccine against malaria.
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Sistema del Grupo Sanguíneo Duffy/genética , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Malaria Vivax/genética , Plasmodium vivax/fisiología , Polimorfismo Genético , Receptores de Superficie Celular/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/inmunología , Niño , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Plasmodium vivax/inmunología , Factores de Tiempo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax infects red blood cells through a key pathway that requires interaction between Duffy binding protein II (DBPII) and its receptor on reticulocytes, the Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines (DARC). A high proportion of P. vivax-exposed individuals fail to develop antibodies that inhibit DBPII-DARC interaction, and genetic factors that modulate this humoral immune response are poorly characterized. Here, we investigate if DBPII responsiveness could be HLA class II-linked. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A community-based open cohort study was carried out in an agricultural settlement of the Brazilian Amazon, in which 336 unrelated volunteers were genotyped for HLA class II (DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 loci), and their DBPII immune responses were monitored over time (baseline, 6 and 12 months) by conventional serology (DBPII IgG ELISA-detected) and functional assays (inhibition of DBPII-erythrocyte binding). The results demonstrated an increased susceptibility of the DRB1*13:01 carriers to develop and sustain an anti-DBPII IgG response, while individuals with the haplotype DRB1*14:02-DQA1*05:03-DQB1*03:01 were persistent non-responders. HLA class II gene polymorphisms also influenced the functional properties of DBPII antibodies (BIAbs, binding inhibitory antibodies), with three alleles (DRB1*07:01, DQA1*02:01 and DQB1*02:02) comprising a single haplotype linked with the presence and persistence of the BIAbs response. Modelling the structural effects of the HLA-DRB1 variants revealed a number of differences in the peptide-binding groove, which is likely to lead to altered antigen binding and presentation profiles, and hence may explain the differences in subject responses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The current study confirms the heritability of the DBPII antibody response, with genetic variation in HLA class II genes influencing both the development and persistence of IgG antibody responses. Cellular studies to increase knowledge of the binding affinities of DBPII peptides for class II molecules linked with good or poor antibody responses might lead to the development of strategies for controlling the type of helper T cells activated in response to DBPII.
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Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/inmunología , Antígenos de Protozoos/inmunología , Cadenas HLA-DRB1/inmunología , Malaria Vivax/genética , Malaria Vivax/inmunología , Plasmodium vivax/inmunología , Proteínas Protozoarias/inmunología , Receptores de Superficie Celular/inmunología , Adulto , Alelos , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/metabolismo , Brasil/epidemiología , Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Estudios de Cohortes , Sistema del Grupo Sanguíneo Duffy/inmunología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Eritrocitos/parasitología , Femenino , Variación Genética , Genotipo , Cadenas HLA-DRB1/genética , Haplotipos , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Malaria Vivax/epidemiología , Malaria Vivax/parasitología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Plasmodium vivax/química , Plasmodium vivax/genética , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMEN
The drug-resistance of malaria parasites is the main problem in the disease control. The huge Brazilian biodiversity promotes the search for new compounds, where the animal kingdom is proving to be a promising source of bioactive compounds. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activity of the compounds obtained from the toad venoms of Brazilian Amazon. Toad venoms were collected from the secretion of Rhinella marina and Rhaebo guttatus in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The powder was extracted at room temperature, yielding 2 extracts (RG and RM) and a substance ('1') identified as a bufadienolide, named telocinobufagin. Growth inhibition, intraerythrocytic development, and parasite morphology were evaluated in culture by microscopic observations of Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Cytotoxicity was determined against HepG2 and BGM cells by MTT and neutral red assays. The 2 extracts and the pure substance ('1') tested were active against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain, demonstrating lower IC50 values. In cytotoxic tests, the 2 extracts and substance '1' showed pronounced lethal effects on chloroquine-resistant P. faciparum strain and low cytotoxic effect, highlighting toad parotoid gland secretions as a promising source of novel lead antiplasmodial compounds.
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Venenos de Anfibios/química , Antiprotozoarios/farmacología , Antiprotozoarios/toxicidad , Productos Biológicos/farmacología , Productos Biológicos/toxicidad , Bufonidae , Plasmodium falciparum/efectos de los fármacos , Venenos de Anfibios/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Antiprotozoarios/aislamiento & purificación , Productos Biológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Concentración 50 InhibidoraRESUMEN
The Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) and its erythrocytic receptor, the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), are involved in the major P. vivax erythrocyte invasion pathway. An open cohort study to analyze DARC genotypes and their relationship to PvDBP immune responses was carried out in 620 volunteers in an agricultural settlement of the Brazilian Amazon. Three cross-sectional surveys were conducted at 6-month intervals, comprising 395, 410, and 407 subjects, respectively. The incidence rates of P. vivax infection was 2.32 malaria episodes per 100 person-months under survey (95% confidence interval [CI] of 1.92-2.80/100 person-month) and, of P. falciparum, 0.04 per 100 person-months (95% CI of 0.007-0.14/100 person-month). The distribution of DARC genotypes was consistent with the heterogeneous ethnic origins of the Amazon population, with a predominance of non-silent DARC alleles: FY*A > FY*B. The 12-month follow-up study demonstrated no association between DARC genotypes and total IgG antibodies as measured by ELISA targeting PvDBP (region II, DBPII or regions II-IV, DBPII-IV). The naturally acquired DBPII specific binding inhibitory antibodies (BIAbs) tended to be more frequent in heterozygous individuals carrying a DARC-silent allele (FY*BES). These results provide evidence that DARC polymorphisms may influence the naturally acquired inhibitory anti-Duffy binding protein II immunity.
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Antígenos de Protozoos/inmunología , Sistema del Grupo Sanguíneo Duffy/genética , Malaria Vivax/inmunología , Polimorfismo Genético , Proteínas Protozoarias/inmunología , Receptores de Superficie Celular/genética , Receptores de Superficie Celular/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Alelos , Estudios Transversales , Estudios de Seguimiento , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genotipo , Humanos , Malaria Vivax/genética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for the diagnosis of malaria infection are expected to accurately identify submicroscopic parasite carriers. Although a significant number of PCR protocols have been described, few studies have addressed the performance of PCR amplification in cases of field samples with submicroscopic malaria infection. Here, the reproducibility of two well-established PCR protocols (nested-PCR and real-time PCR for the Plasmodium 18 small subunit rRNA gene) were evaluated in a panel of 34 blood field samples from individuals that are potential reservoirs of malaria infection, but were negative for malaria by optical microscopy. Regardless of the PCR protocol, a large variation between the PCR replicates was observed, leading to alternating positive and negative results in 38% (13 out of 34) of the samples. These findings were quite different from those obtained from the microscopy-positive patients or the unexposed individuals; the diagnosis of these individuals could be confirmed based on the high reproducibility and specificity of the PCR-based protocols. The limitation of PCR amplification was restricted to the field samples with very low levels of parasitaemia because titrations of the DNA templates were able to detect < 3 parasites/µL in the blood. In conclusion, conventional PCR protocols require careful interpretation in cases of submicroscopic malaria infection, as inconsistent and false-negative results can occur.
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Portador Sano/parasitología , ADN Protozoario/análisis , Malaria/parasitología , Plasmodium/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Portador Sano/diagnóstico , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Coinfección/diagnóstico , Femenino , Genes de ARNr/genética , Humanos , Malaria/diagnóstico , Masculino , Microscopía , Persona de Mediana Edad , Parasitemia/diagnóstico , Parasitemia/parasitología , Plasmodium/clasificación , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for the diagnosis of malaria infection are expected to accurately identify submicroscopic parasite carriers. Although a significant number of PCR protocols have been described, few studies have addressed the performance of PCR amplification in cases of field samples with submicroscopic malaria infection. Here, the reproducibility of two well-established PCR protocols (nested-PCR and real-time PCR for the Plasmodium 18 small subunit rRNA gene) were evaluated in a panel of 34 blood field samples from individuals that are potential reservoirs of malaria infection, but were negative for malaria by optical microscopy. Regardless of the PCR protocol, a large variation between the PCR replicates was observed, leading to alternating positive and negative results in 38% (13 out of 34) of the samples. These findings were quite different from those obtained from the microscopy-positive patients or the unexposed individuals; the diagnosis of these individuals could be confirmed based on the high reproducibility and specificity of the PCR-based protocols. The limitation of PCR amplification was restricted to the field samples with very low levels of parasitaemia because titrations of the DNA templates were able to detect < 3 parasites/µL in the blood. In conclusion, conventional PCR protocols require careful interpretation in cases of submicroscopic malaria infection, as inconsistent and false-negative results can occur.
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Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Portador Sano/parasitología , ADN Protozoario/análisis , Malaria/parasitología , Plasmodium/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Portador Sano/diagnóstico , Coinfección/diagnóstico , Genes de ARNr/genética , Microscopía , Malaria/diagnóstico , Parasitemia/diagnóstico , Parasitemia/parasitología , Plasmodium/clasificación , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate risk factors associated with the acquisition of antibodies against Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) - a leading malaria vaccine candidate - in a well-consolidated agricultural settlement of the Brazilian Amazon Region and to determine the sequence diversity of the PvDBP ligand domain (DBP(II)) within the local malaria parasite population. METHODS: Demographic, epidemiological and clinical data were collected from 541 volunteers using a structured questionnaire. Malaria parasites were detected by conventional microscopy and PCR, and blood collection was used for antibody assays and molecular characterisation of DBP(II). RESULTS: The frequency of malaria infection was 7% (6% for P. vivax and 1% for P. falciparum), with malaria cases clustered near mosquito breeding sites. Nearly 50% of settlers had anti-PvDBP IgG antibodies, as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with subject's age being the only strong predictor of seropositivity to PvDBP. Unexpectedly, low levels of DBP(II) diversity were found within the local malaria parasites, suggesting the existence of low gene flow between P. vivax populations, probably due to the relative isolation of the studied settlement. CONCLUSION: The recognition of PvDBP by a significant proportion of the community, associated with low levels of DBP(II) diversity among local P. vivax, reinforces the variety of malaria transmission patterns in communities from frontier settlements. Such studies should provide baseline information for antimalarial vaccines now in development.
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Antígenos de Protozoos/genética , Antígenos de Protozoos/inmunología , Indígenas Sudamericanos , Plasmodium vivax/genética , Plasmodium vivax/inmunología , Proteínas Protozoarias/genética , Proteínas Protozoarias/inmunología , Receptores de Superficie Celular/genética , Receptores de Superficie Celular/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/inmunología , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Estudios Transversales , ADN Protozoario , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Variación Genética , Humanos , Malaria Vivax/sangre , Malaria Vivax/epidemiología , Malaria Vivax/transmisión , Masculino , Polimorfismo Genético , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
O processo de invasão dos eritrócitos pelos plasmódios é complexo, sendo mediado por interações moleculares específicas do tipo ligante receptor. No caso do Plasmodium vivax, a invasão é altamente dependente do antígeno de grupo sanguíneo Duffy (DARC), presente na superfície dos eritrócitos, que interage com uma proteína do parasito, a Duffy binding protein (PvDBP). Considerando a importância do. receptor DARC como principal via de invasão do P. vivax, no presente estudo desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para genotipagem do receptor DARC. A técnica foi realizada através da PCR em tempo real, em sistema multiplex, o que otimizou o método de genotipagem em larga escala e reduziu o custo. Esta nova metodologia permitiu genotipar o receptor DARC dos indivíduos que participaram de um estudo. epidêmico de malária e de outros estudos com indivíduos de diferentes áreas endêmicas da região Amazônica brasileira. No presente trabalho, para avaliar a influência de DARC na infecção pelo P. vivax, duas abordagens metodológicas foram utilizadas: um estudo de prevalência e um de incidência do tipo prospectivo. Para o estudo que buscou associação de DARC com a prevalência de malária por P. vivax, foram estudados indivíduos, proveniente de outros estados brasileiros, que migraram para a Amazônia.
Nesta população foi observado que os indivíduos que possuíam dois alelos DARC funcionais apresentavam um maior risco de infecção ao P. vivax. Já no estudo prospectivo de base populacional, o receptor DARC foi genotipado em cerca de 800 indivíduos nativos da Amazônia, residentes em um assentamento agrícola na Amazônia. Embora nenhuma associação tenha sido encontrada entre o genótipo. DARC e infecção pelo P. vivax, os resultados sugeriram que o receptor DARC influenciou na resposta de anticorpos. Nesta área, indivíduos com apenas um alelo funcional (FY*B/FY*BES) apresentaram uma resposta maior de anticorpos anti-PvDBP. Estes achados são importantes, já que a relação entre DARC e a resposta de anticorpos anti-PvDBP tem sido pouco estudada. Além disso, foram determinados os. genótipos de DARC em indivíduos residentes em uma área de transmissão epidêmica de malária por P. vivax (surto ocorrido na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, MG), onde se avaliou também a resposta de anticorpos anti-PvDBP. Na área do surto, a caracterização dos genótipos de DARC dos indivíduos expostos à transmissão demonstrou que os diferentes genótipos estavam igualmente distribuídos entre aqueles que se infectaram e os não infectados. Por último, nesta área do surto epidêmico, estudou-se a cinética da resposta dos anticorpos anti-PvDBP. O resultados mostraram que anticorpos anti-PvDBP são de curta duração e específicos para a variante do parasito que causou o surto. Em conjunto, acredita-se que os resultados apresentados aqui possam contribuir para os estudos que visem o melhor entendimento da relação entre DARC, resposta imune e susceptibilidade a infecção pelo P. vivax.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Malaria Vivax/epidemiología , Plasmodium vivax/parasitología , Sistema del Grupo Sanguíneo Duffy/sangreRESUMEN
O processo de invasão dos eritrócitos pelos plasmódios é complexo, sendo mediado por interações moleculares específicas do tipo ligante receptor. No caso do Plasmodium vivax, a invasão é altamente dependente do antígeno de grupo sanguíneo Duffy (DARC), presente na superfície dos eritrócitos, que interage com uma proteína do parasito, a Duffy binding protein (PvDBP). Considerando a importância do. receptor DARC como principal via de invasão do P. vivax, no presente estudo desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para genotipagem do receptor DARC. A técnica foi realizada através da PCR em tempo real, em sistema multiplex, o que otimizou o método de genotipagem em larga escala e reduziu o custo. Esta nova metodologia permitiu genotipar o receptor DARC dos indivíduos que participaram de um estudo. epidêmico de malária e de outros estudos com indivíduos de diferentes áreas endêmicas da região Amazônica brasileira. No presente trabalho, para avaliar a influência de DARC na infecção pelo P. vivax, duas abordagens metodológicas foram utilizadas: um estudo de prevalência e um de incidência do tipo prospectivo. Para o estudo que buscou associação de DARC com a prevalência de malária por P. vivax, foram estudados indivíduos, proveniente de outros estados brasileiros, que migraram para a Amazônia.
Nesta população foi observado que os indivíduos que possuíam dois alelos DARC funcionais apresentavam um maior risco de infecção ao P. vivax. Já no estudo prospectivo de base populacional, o receptor DARC foi genotipado em cerca de 800 indivíduos nativos da Amazônia, residentes em um assentamento agrícola na Amazônia. Embora nenhuma associação tenha sido encontrada entre o genótipo. DARC e infecção pelo P. vivax, os resultados sugeriram que o receptor DARC influenciou na resposta de anticorpos. Nesta área, indivíduos com apenas um alelo funcional (FY*B/FY*BES) apresentaram uma resposta maior de anticorpos anti-PvDBP. Estes achados são importantes, já que a relação entre DARC e a resposta de anticorpos anti-PvDBP tem sido pouco estudada. Além disso, foram determinados os. genótipos de DARC em indivíduos residentes em uma área de transmissão epidêmica de malária por P. vivax (surto ocorrido na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, MG), onde se avaliou também a resposta de anticorpos anti-PvDBP. Na área do surto, a caracterização dos genótipos de DARC dos indivíduos expostos à transmissão demonstrou que os diferentes genótipos estavam igualmente distribuídos entre aqueles que se infectaram e os não infectados. Por último, nesta área do surto epidêmico, estudou-se a cinética da resposta dos anticorpos anti-PvDBP. O resultados mostraram que anticorpos anti-PvDBP são de curta duração e específicos para a variante do parasito que causou o surto. Em conjunto, acredita-se que os resultados apresentados aqui possam contribuir para os estudos que visem o melhor entendimento da relação entre DARC, resposta imune e susceptibilidade a infecção pelo P. vivax.
Asunto(s)
Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Sistema del Grupo Sanguíneo Duffy/sangre , Malaria Vivax/epidemiología , Plasmodium vivax/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Duffy binding protein (DBP), a leading malaria vaccine candidate, plays a critical role in Plasmodium vivax erythrocyte invasion. Sixty-eight of 366 (18.6%) subjects had IgG anti-DBP antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a community-based cross-sectional survey in the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Despite continuous exposure to low-level malaria transmission, the overall seroprevalence decreased to 9.0% when the population was reexamined 12 months later. Antibodies from 16 of 50 (36.0%) subjects who were ELISA-positive at the baseline were able to inhibit erythrocyte binding to at least one of two DBP variants tested. Most (13 of 16) of these subjects still had inhibitory antibodies when reevaluated 12 months later. Cumulative exposure to malaria was the strongest predictor of DBP seropositivity identified by multiple logistic regression models in this population. The poor antibody recognition of DBP elicited by natural exposure to P. vivax in Amazonian populations represents a challenge to be addressed by vaccine development strategies.