RESUMEN

Landscape changes and hydrologic alterations associated with dam construction have greatly hindered reproductive success and the recruitment of migratory species. However, little is known about the flow conditions that are necessary for the reproductive success of migrators. We aimed to analyze one of the important migrants of the Paraná River, the curimba, Prochilodus lineatus(Valenciennes, 1836), to determine the minimum velocities necessary for egg drift and analyze the behavior of larvae at different flow velocities. Thus, we experimentally evaluated the behavior of eggs and larvae released in a drift simulator channel (DSC) under four flow velocities. Additionally, we investigate the swimming ability of larvae in relation to certainmorphometric measures of their bodies. We also performed morphometry and calculations of larval body and fin proportions to determine which structures influence swimming ability. The results indicated that environments with flow velocities greater than 0.081 m s-1were favorable for egg drift and increased the chances of successful transportof eggs to downstream areas. We also observed that soon after hatching, the larvae positioned themselves against the flow, indicating that they had a perception of position and orientation. The larvae were able to maintain and disperse against the flow within the channel 32h after hatching at all velocities, which was mainly due to the development of pectoral and caudal fins that were actively involved in the swimming process, as well as the reduction in the dimensions of the yolk sac, which reduced drag.(AU)

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We investigated changes in the species richness, abundance, and composition of the zooplankton community in response to the formation of a small reservoir in the Caveiras River, southern Brazil. Zooplankton were collected using a motor-pump and aplankton net (68 μm mesh), with 600 L of water filtered per sample. Sampling occurred during the pre-(April, August, and December 2011) and post-impoundment (July and October 2013, and January 2014) phases of the Caveiras River. We identified 86 taxa in this study, and rotifers were the predominant group. The species richness and abundance of the zooplankton increased after the filling of the reservoir. Furthermore, the zooplankton community showed a clear change in the species composition between the phases before and after the formation of the reservoir, with the emergence of typical planktonic species. Changes in the structure of the zooplankton community were related to changes in limnological characteristics due to the impoundment of the river, mainlyin the availability of food and in the concentration of nutrients.(AU)

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We investigated changes in the species richness, abundance, and composition of the zooplankton community in response to the formation of a small reservoir in the Caveiras River, southern Brazil. Zooplankton were collected using a motor-pump and aplankton net (68 μm mesh), with 600 L of water filtered per sample. Sampling occurred during the pre-(April, August, and December 2011) and post-impoundment (July and October 2013, and January 2014) phases of the Caveiras River. We identified 86 taxa in this study, and rotifers were the predominant group. The species richness and abundance of the zooplankton increased after the filling of the reservoir. Furthermore, the zooplankton community showed a clear change in the species composition between the phases before and after the formation of the reservoir, with the emergence of typical planktonic species. Changes in the structure of the zooplankton community were related to changes in limnological characteristics due to the impoundment of the river, mainlyin the availability of food and in the concentration of nutrients.

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The aim of the present study was to verify the use of the arms of the Itaipu Reservoir as areas of initial development for migratory fish species and to assess the relationship between rainfall and the spawning of migratory fish. Accordingly, fish larvae were collected from five arms of the reservoir from 2009 to 2016 using 0.5 mm plankton nets. Density was standardized as the number of larvae per 10 m3 filtered water, and the captured larval and juvenile specimens were identified at the lowest-possible taxonomic level. The larvae were also classified according to the degree of development and notochord flexion stage: larval vitelline, pre-flexion, flexion and post-flexion. To evaluate the distribution of larval abundance and the developmental stage along the longitudinal gradients of the arms, the data were evaluated using a set of nested linear models, following the AIC and Bayesian information criteria. In addition, an analysis of covariance was performed to investigate the influence of rainfall on the larval abundance of migratory species. During sampling, several species of economic and conservation interest such as Salminus brasiliensis and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans were collected. The larvae of the migratory fish taxa were captured from all sampled arms, which indicate them as areas of initial development. Nevertheless, it was observed that larval density increases from fluvial towards lacustrine zones inside the arms. Also, the present study verified that species, even in lentic environments, respond positively to rainfall stimuli in a manner similar to that exhibited by conspecifics in lotic environments. Such results reinforce the necessity of the protection of arms aiming at the conservation of this main group of species impaired by the construction of dams.

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This study evaluated feeding patterns and ontogenetic variations in a non-native fish species (Plagioscion squamosissimus) in an isolated lake in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. Quarterly samplings were performed from April 2005 to February 2006 using plankton nets to capture larvae, seining nets for juveniles, and gill nets and trammel for adults. Stomach contents (n = 378) were examined according to the volumetric method in which the volume of each food item was estimated using graduated test tubes or a glass counting plate. During early development (larval stage), P. squamosissimus consumed mainly Cladocera and Copepoda. Juveniles showed a more diverse diet, including shrimp (Macrobrachium amazonicum), fish, aquatic insects (Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Chironomidae and pupae of Diptera) and plants. It was notable the high proportion of cannibalism (23.3%) in this stage. Adults consumed predominantly shrimp and fish. The use of food resources varied significantly between development stages (ANOSIM; r = 0.458; p<0.005), showing changes in food preferences during ontogeny. The Similarity Percentage Analysis (SIMPER) indicated that Cladocera and Copepoda were responsible for the differences observed between the larval stages of pre-flexion, flexion and post-flexion. M. amazonicum and Chironomidae were responsible for the differences between juvenile and larval stages, while M. amazonicum and other fishes caused the differences between adults and other ontogenetic stages. These results are confirmed by the relationship between standard length and developmental periods (ANCOVA; r2 = 0.94; p<0.0001). In general, there were low values of trophic niche breadth. The essentially carnivorous habit from the early stages of P. squamosissimus and the predominant use of M. amazonicum by adults have important roles in feeding patterns of the species, suggesting a major contribution to its success and establishment, especially in lentic environments.

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Fish larvae and adults are morphologically distinct from each other and have different ecological requirements. Research on the dynamics of ichthyoplankton provides valuable information about the early stages of the life cycle of fish. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of the larval stages of three migratory species - Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816), Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Agassiz, 1829) - to identify possible spawning areas in the last lotic remnant of the upper Paraná River, in the Brazilian territory. A total of 26 points were sampled monthly from October 2003 to November 2004. The PERMANOVA detected significant differences between the months only for S. brasiliensis (Pseudo-F = 3.88, p = 0.0021) and P. corruscans (Pseudo-F = 3.35, p = 0.004). Among the environmental variables, temperature was the most important and the Mantel test detected a significant correlation between temperature and the densities, only for P. lineatus (r = 0.09, p = 0.03). The species in our data chose for spawning tributaries that are not dammed, of which most are outside conservation areas. Therefore, recruitment, maintenance and possible actions aiming to recover the stocks of these species are dependent on the conservation of tributaries and floodplain lakes in the region, in addition to monitoring to prevent fishing during the reproductive period.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Fish larvae and adults are morphologically distinct from each other and have different ecological requirements. Research on the dynamics of ichthyoplankton provides valuable information about the early stages of the life cycle of fish. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of the larval stages of three migratory species - Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816), Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Agassiz, 1829) - to identify possible spawning areas in the last lotic remnant of the upper Paraná River, in the Brazilian territory. A total of 26 points were sampled monthly from October 2003 to November 2004. The PERMANOVA detected significant differences between the months only for S. brasiliensis (Pseudo-F = 3.88, p = 0.0021) and P. corruscans (Pseudo-F = 3.35, p = 0.004). Among the environmental variables, temperature was the most important and the Mantel test detected a significant correlation between temperature and the densities, only for P. lineatus (r = 0.09, p = 0.03). The species in our data chose for spawning tributaries that are not dammed, of which most are outside conservation areas. Therefore, recruitment, maintenance and possible actions aiming to recover the stocks of these species are dependent on the conservation of tributaries and floodplain lakes in the region, in addition to monitoring to prevent fishing during the reproductive period.(AU)

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Based on the hypothesis that diel vertical migration (DVM) is a mechanism of predator avoidance, the objective of the present study was to test for the occurrence of DVM in planktivorous fish larvae of Hypophthalmus edentatus (Spix, 1829) (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae) and Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) (Perciformes, Sciaenidae), and zooplankton (rotifers, cladocerans and copepods) in an isolated tropical lagoon in the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River, Brazil (region of Parque Nacional de Ilha Grande). We investigated spatial overlap between predators (planktivorous fish larvae) and prey (zooplankton), and tested which physical and chemical variables of the water are related to the DVM of the studied communities. We performed nocturnal (8:00 pm and 4:00 am) and diurnal sampling (8:00 am and 4:00 pm) in the limnetic region of the lagoon for six consecutive months, from October 2010 to March 2011, which comprises the reproductive period of the fish species analyzed. During the day the larvae tried to remain aggregated in the bottom of the lagoon, whereas at night they tried to disperse in the water column. Especially for cladocerans, the diel vertical migration is an important behavior to avoid predation larvae of H. edentatus and P. squamosissimus once decreased spatial overlap between secured and its potential predators, which corroborates the hypothesis that DVM is a mechanism of predator avoidance. Although significant correlations were observed between the abiotic factors and WMD of microcrustaceans at certain times of day, the effect of predation of fish larvae on zooplankton showed more important in this environment, because the small depth and isolation not allow great variation of abiotic factors seasonally and between strata the lagoon.

Com base na hipótese de que a migração vertical diária (MVD) é um mecanismo que visa evitar predadores, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de MVD em larvas de peixes planctívoras de Hypophthalmus edentatus (Spix, 1829) (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae) e Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) (Perciformes, Sciaenidae), e nos grupos zooplanctônicos (rotíferos, cladóceros e copépodes) em uma lagoa tropical isolada da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, Brasil (região do Parque Nacional de Ilha Grande). Foi investigada a sobreposição espacial entre predadores (larvas de peixes) e presas (zooplâncton), bem como verificar quais variáveis físicas e químicas da água estariam relacionadas com a MVD das comunidades envolvidas neste estudo. Foram realizadas amostragens noturnas (20:00 e 4:00) e amostragens diurnas (8:00 e 16:00) na região limnética da lagoa durante um período de seis meses consecutivos, entre outubro de 2010 a março de 2011, que compreende o período reprodutivo das espécies de peixes analisadas. Durante o dia, as larvas permaneceram agregadas no fundo da lagoa, enquanto à noite procuraram dispersar-se na coluna de água. Principalmente para os cladóceros, a migração vertical diária foi um comportamento importante para evitar a predação das larvas de H. edentatus e P. squamosissimus, uma vez que diminuiu a sobreposição espacial entre presa e seu predador em potencial, dando suporte à hipótese de que a migração vertical é um mecanismo de defesa contra a predação. Embora correlações significativas foram observadas entre os fatores abióticos e a profundidade média ponderada dos microcrustáceos em determinados períodos do dia, o efeito da predação das larvas de peixes sobre o zooplâncton mostrou ser mais importante neste ambiente, visto que a pequena profundidade e o isolamento não permiti grandes variações dos fatores abióticos sazonalmente e entre os estratos da lagoa.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Based on the hypothesis that diel vertical migration (DVM) is a mechanism of predator avoidance, the objective of the present study was to test for the occurrence of DVM in planktivorous fish larvae of Hypophthalmus edentatus (Spix, 1829) (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae) and Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) (Perciformes, Sciaenidae), and zooplankton (rotifers, cladocerans and copepods) in an isolated tropical lagoon in the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River, Brazil (region of Parque Nacional de Ilha Grande). We investigated spatial overlap between predators (planktivorous fish larvae) and prey (zooplankton), and tested which physical and chemical variables of the water are related to the DVM of the studied communities. We performed nocturnal (8:00 pm and 4:00 am) and diurnal sampling (8:00 am and 4:00 pm) in the limnetic region of the lagoon for six consecutive months, from October 2010 to March 2011, which comprises the reproductive period of the fish species analyzed. During the day the larvae tried to remain aggregated in the bottom of the lagoon, whereas at night they tried to disperse in the water column. Especially for cladocerans, the diel vertical migration is an important behavior to avoid predation larvae of H. edentatus and P. squamosissimus once decreased spatial overlap between secured and its potential predators, which corroborates the hypothesis that DVM is a mechanism of predator avoidance. Although significant correlations were observed between the abiotic factors and WMD of microcrustaceans at certain times of day, the effect of predation of fish larvae on zooplankton showed more important in this environment, because the small depth and isolation not allow great variation of abiotic factors seasonally and between strata the lagoon.(AU)

Com base na hipótese de que a migração vertical diária (MVD) é um mecanismo que visa evitar predadores, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de MVD em larvas de peixes planctívoras de Hypophthalmus edentatus (Spix, 1829) (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae) e Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) (Perciformes, Sciaenidae), e nos grupos zooplanctônicos (rotíferos, cladóceros e copépodes) em uma lagoa tropical isolada da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, Brasil (região do Parque Nacional de Ilha Grande). Foi investigada a sobreposição espacial entre predadores (larvas de peixes) e presas (zooplâncton), bem como verificar quais variáveis físicas e químicas da água estariam relacionadas com a MVD das comunidades envolvidas neste estudo. Foram realizadas amostragens noturnas (20:00 e 4:00) e amostragens diurnas (8:00 e 16:00) na região limnética da lagoa durante um período de seis meses consecutivos, entre outubro de 2010 a março de 2011, que compreende o período reprodutivo das espécies de peixes analisadas. Durante o dia, as larvas permaneceram agregadas no fundo da lagoa, enquanto à noite procuraram dispersar-se na coluna de água. Principalmente para os cladóceros, a migração vertical diária foi um comportamento importante para evitar a predação das larvas de H. edentatus e P. squamosissimus, uma vez que diminuiu a sobreposição espacial entre presa e seu predador em potencial, dando suporte à hipótese de que a migração vertical é um mecanismo de defesa contra a predação. Embora correlações significativas foram observadas entre os fatores abióticos e a profundidade média ponderada dos microcrustáceos em determinados períodos do dia, o efeito da predação das larvas de peixes sobre o zooplâncton mostrou ser mais importante neste ambiente, visto que a pequena profundidade e o isolamento não permiti grandes variações dos fatores abióticos sazonalmente e entre os estratos da lagoa.(AU)

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This study aimed to describe the early development of Clarias gariepinus, a species that has been introduced into various watersheds worldwide, in order to help the identification of its eggs, larvae and juveniles in natural environments. The material used was obtained via induced spawning during 1999. After spawning, the periodicity of sampling varied according to ontogenic development. We analyzed 12 eggs, 146 larvae and 6 juveniles. Newly fertilized eggs are spherical, with a double membrane, the density of which varies. Initially the larvae have little pigmentation but this intensifies during development. They have four pairs of well-developed barbels, an elongated body, long dorsal and anal fins, no adipose fin and vesicles surrounding the finfold and barbels. The sequence of formation of the fins is: caudal, dorsal, anal, pectoral and pelvic. Growth pattern analysis revealed that metamorphosis usually occurs during the flexion stage. The reproductive performance of the species and its rapid early development favor aquaculture; however, they may also favor its invasion of natural environments, representing a threat for native populations.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever o desenvolvimento inicial de Clarias gariepinus, uma espécie introduzida em várias bacias hidrográficas do mundo, a fim de auxiliar na identificação de seus ovos, larvas e juvenis em ambientes naturais. O material utilizado foi obtido por meio de desova induzida durante o ano de 1999. Após a desova, a periodicidade na obtenção das amostras variou de acordo com o desenvolvimento ontogênico. Foram analisados 12 ovos e 146 larvas e 6 juvenis. Os ovos recém-fecundados apresentam forma esférica, com membrana dupla, sendo que sua densidade difere ao longo da membrana. As larvas possuem inicialmente pigmentação escassa, que se intensifica ao longo do desenvolvimento; quatro pares de barbilhões bem desenvolvidos; corpo alongado; nadadeiras dorsal e anal longas; ausência de nadadeira adiposa e presença de vesículas circundando a membrana embrionária e os barbilhões. A sequência de formação das nadadeiras é: caudal, dorsal, anal, peitoral e pélvica. A análise do padrão de crescimento revelou que a maior parte da metamorfose ocorre no estágio de flexão. O desempenho reprodutivo da espécie e seu rápido desenvolvimento inicial se enquadram positivamente à aquicultura, porém, podem ser altamente favoráveis à invasão de ambientes naturais, representando um risco para as populações nativas.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

This study aimed to describe the early development of Clarias gariepinus, a species that has been introduced into various watersheds worldwide, in order to help the identification of its eggs, larvae and juveniles in natural environments. The material used was obtained via induced spawning during 1999. After spawning, the periodicity of sampling varied according to ontogenic development. We analyzed 12 eggs, 146 larvae and 6 juveniles. Newly fertilized eggs are spherical, with a double membrane, the density of which varies. Initially the larvae have little pigmentation but this intensifies during development. They have four pairs of well-developed barbels, an elongated body, long dorsal and anal fins, no adipose fin and vesicles surrounding the finfold and barbels. The sequence of formation of the fins is: caudal, dorsal, anal, pectoral and pelvic. Growth pattern analysis revealed that metamorphosis usually occurs during the flexion stage. The reproductive performance of the species and its rapid early development favor aquaculture; however, they may also favor its invasion of natural environments, representing a threat for native populations.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever o desenvolvimento inicial de Clarias gariepinus, uma espécie introduzida em várias bacias hidrográficas do mundo, a fim de auxiliar na identificação de seus ovos, larvas e juvenis em ambientes naturais. O material utilizado foi obtido por meio de desova induzida durante o ano de 1999. Após a desova, a periodicidade na obtenção das amostras variou de acordo com o desenvolvimento ontogênico. Foram analisados 12 ovos e 146 larvas e 6 juvenis. Os ovos recém-fecundados apresentam forma esférica, com membrana dupla, sendo que sua densidade difere ao longo da membrana. As larvas possuem inicialmente pigmentação escassa, que se intensifica ao longo do desenvolvimento; quatro pares de barbilhões bem desenvolvidos; corpo alongado; nadadeiras dorsal e anal longas; ausência de nadadeira adiposa e presença de vesículas circundando a membrana embrionária e os barbilhões. A sequência de formação das nadadeiras é: caudal, dorsal, anal, peitoral e pélvica. A análise do padrão de crescimento revelou que a maior parte da metamorfose ocorre no estágio de flexão. O desempenho reprodutivo da espécie e seu rápido desenvolvimento inicial se enquadram positivamente à aquicultura, porém, podem ser altamente favoráveis à invasão de ambientes naturais, representando um risco para as populações nativas.

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Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento inicial de Pyrrhulina australis Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903, o único Lebiasinidae da planície alagável do Alto Rio Paraná. Para isso, foram analisados 80 indivíduos, sendo 60 larvas e 20 juvenis, coletados entre os anos de 1992 e 2005, em vários ambientes (rios, canais e lagoas). De cada exemplar, foram obtidos dados morfométricos e merísticos e, posteriormente, o padrão de crescimento entre as variáveis morfométricas foi analisado. As larvas apresentaram grande concentração de pigmentos na região superior do intestino, da cabeça e ao redor da boca. A notocorda foi caracterizada por possuir um prolongamento que, posteriormente, diferenciou-se em um raio da nadadeira caudal. A seqüência de formação das nadadeiras foi: caudal, dorsal, anal, pélvica e peitoral. Em relação aos miômeros, observou-se que estes variaram de 23 a 32 (12-20 pré- e 10-16 pós-anal). A análise do crescimento revelou que o comprimento do focinho e o diâmetro do olho foram alométricos, enquanto a altura e o comprimento da cabeça, bem como a altura do corpo e a distância pré-peitoral apresentaram crescimento abrupto, evidenciando diferentes taxas de crescimento entre os períodos larval e juvenil. Esses resultados revelam que neste intervalo ocorre grande parte da metamorfose na espécie.

This work describes the initial development of Pyrrhulina australis Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903, the only known Lebiasinidae of the upper Paraná River floodplain. Eighty specimens were analyzed, sixty larvae and twenty juveniles, collected between 1992 and 2005 in several areas (rivers, channels and ponds). From each specimen morphometric and meristic data were obtained and, subsequently, growth patterns were analyzed. Larvae presented greater pigment concentrations in the superior region of the intestine, head and around the mouth. Notochord is characterized by possessing a protrusion that later becomes part of the caudal fin. The fin formation sequence is: caudal, dorsal, anal, pelvic and pectoral. In relation to myomeres we observed that their numbers ranged from 23 to 32 (12-20 preanal and 10-16 postanal). Growth pattern analyses revealed that nose length and eye diameter were allometric, whereas head height and length, as well as body height and pre-pectoral distance were better represented by the piecewise model, revealing that most of the body metamorphosis occurs during the transitional breakpoint between the larval and juvenile periods.

RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to assess the abundance, attributes of assemblages, and spatial and temporal distributions of fish larvae and their relationships with some abiotic variables in two floodplain lakes with different degrees of connection to the Paraná River in Ilha Grande National Park, PR, Brazil. Four sampling sites were chosen, two in each floodplain lake. Night samples were taken with plankton nets during three spawning seasons (monthly, from October to March) from 2001 to 2005. The highest diversity and abundance were recorded at Saraiva Lake, with 25 taxa being identified. In Xambrê Lake, only sedentary species were captured, and the most abundant species were Plagioscion squamosissimus and Hypophthalmus edentatus. The greatest abundance of larvae was found in the second spawning season. In the Saraiva Lake, the most abundant species were Moenkhausia aff. intermedia, Hyphessobrycon sp., and Bryconamericus stramineus, but larvae of known migratory species were also documented. In this lake, the greatest abundance of larvae was found in the third spawning. Larvae abundance was influenced by water temperature and conductivity. The high diversity and abundance recorded in Saraiva Lake may be a result of its connectivity with the Paraná River, and the low diversity and abundance observed at Xambrê Lake are likely due to its isolation from the river. This work shows the importance of these lagoons for fish development, for both sedentary and migratory species. Both lagoons may be considered to have extreme ecological importance and they are also extremely susceptible to impacts, so any careless disturbance may cause irreversible damage.(AU)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a abundância, os atributos da assembleia e a distribuição espacial e temporal de larvas de peixes, bem como a relação dessas variáveis com alguns fatores abióticos, em duas lagoas com diferentes graus de conexão com o rio Paraná, Parque Nacional de Ilha Grande, PR, Brasil. As amostragens foram realizadas em quatro locais, dois em cada lagoa. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente à noite durante três períodos de desova (outubro a março) de 2001 a 2005, com o auxílio de redes de plâncton. A maior diversidade e abundância foram verificadas na lagoa Saraiva, sendo identificados 25 táxons. Na lagoa Xambrê somente foram capturadas espécies sedentárias e as mais abundantes foram Plagioscion squamosissimus e Hypophthalmus edentatus. Nessa lagoa as maiores ocorrências foram verificadas no período II. Na lagoa Saraiva as maiores capturas foram de Moenkhausia aff. intermedia, Hyphessobrycon sp. e Bryconamericus stramineus, entretanto, larvas de espécies migradoras também foram registradas. Nessa lagoa, as maiores ocorrências foram no período III. A abundância de larvas foi influenciada pela temperatura da água e pela condutividade elétrica. A elevada diversidade e abundância registradas na lagoa Saraiva podem ser atribuídas a sua conectividade com o rio Paraná, enquanto que a baixa diversidade e abundância observadas na lagoa Xambrê podem estar relacionadas ao seu isolamento. Os resultados obtidos com este estudo demonstram a importância das lagoas marginais para o desenvolvimento inicial dos peixes, tanto para espécies sedentárias como migradoras. Ambas as lagoas podem ser consideradas de extrema importância ecológica e altamente susceptíveis a impactos, onde qualquer interferência sem conhecimentos prévios pode causar danos irreversíveis.(AU)

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RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to assess the abundance, attributes of assemblages, and spatial and temporal distributions of fish larvae and their relationships with some abiotic variables in two floodplain lakes with different degrees of connection to the Paraná River in Ilha Grande National Park, PR, Brazil. Four sampling sites were chosen, two in each floodplain lake. Night samples were taken with plankton nets during three spawning seasons (monthly, from October to March) from 2001 to 2005. The highest diversity and abundance were recorded at Saraiva Lake, with 25 taxa being identified. In Xambrê Lake, only sedentary species were captured, and the most abundant species were Plagioscion squamosissimus and Hypophthalmus edentatus. The greatest abundance of larvae was found in the second spawning season. In the Saraiva Lake, the most abundant species were Moenkhausia aff. intermedia, Hyphessobrycon sp., and Bryconamericus stramineus, but larvae of known migratory species were also documented. In this lake, the greatest abundance of larvae was found in the third spawning. Larvae abundance was influenced by water temperature and conductivity. The high diversity and abundance recorded in Saraiva Lake may be a result of its connectivity with the Paraná River, and the low diversity and abundance observed at Xambrê Lake are likely due to its isolation from the river. This work shows the importance of these lagoons for fish development, for both sedentary and migratory species. Both lagoons may be considered to have extreme ecological importance and they are also extremely susceptible to impacts, so any careless disturbance may cause irreversible damage.(AU)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a abundância, os atributos da assembleia e a distribuição espacial e temporal de larvas de peixes, bem como a relação dessas variáveis com alguns fatores abióticos, em duas lagoas com diferentes graus de conexão com o rio Paraná, Parque Nacional de Ilha Grande, PR, Brasil. As amostragens foram realizadas em quatro locais, dois em cada lagoa. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente à noite durante três períodos de desova (outubro a março) de 2001 a 2005, com o auxílio de redes de plâncton. A maior diversidade e abundância foram verificadas na lagoa Saraiva, sendo identificados 25 táxons. Na lagoa Xambrê somente foram capturadas espécies sedentárias e as mais abundantes foram Plagioscion squamosissimus e Hypophthalmus edentatus. Nessa lagoa as maiores ocorrências foram verificadas no período II. Na lagoa Saraiva as maiores capturas foram de Moenkhausia aff. intermedia, Hyphessobrycon sp. e Bryconamericus stramineus, entretanto, larvas de espécies migradoras também foram registradas. Nessa lagoa, as maiores ocorrências foram no período III. A abundância de larvas foi influenciada pela temperatura da água e pela condutividade elétrica. A elevada diversidade e abundância registradas na lagoa Saraiva podem ser atribuídas a sua conectividade com o rio Paraná, enquanto que a baixa diversidade e abundância observadas na lagoa Xambrê podem estar relacionadas ao seu isolamento. Os resultados obtidos com este estudo demonstram a importância das lagoas marginais para o desenvolvimento inicial dos peixes, tanto para espécies sedentárias como migradoras. Ambas as lagoas podem ser consideradas de extrema importância ecológica e altamente susceptíveis a impactos, onde qualquer interferência sem conhecimentos prévios pode causar danos irreversíveis.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of abiotic factors on fish larvae occurrence. Samplings were carried out monthly at 12 stations (grouped in four areas) in the Amambaí, Ivaí and Paraná rivers and in the Itaipu Reservoir (upper Paraná River basin), from October 1994 to January 1995 (spawning season). Simultaneously, we obtained water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, water level, water velocity, and rainfall. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) and Detrended Correspondence Analyses (DCA) were applied to summarize abiotic and larvae density data, respectively. Amambaí River differed significantly from the other areas in relation to abiotic factors. Itaipu Reservoir differed significantly from the other areas considering species composition, and the Ivaí River also differed from the Paraná River. The relationship among PCA and DCA axes were significant, indicating that abiotic factors do influence larva. For example: Leporinus elongatus prefered the Amambaí River, Hypophthalmus edentatus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, and Hoplias aff. malabaricus the Itaipu Reservoir, and Pimelodus maculatus, Auchenipterus osteomystax and Iheringichthys labrosus the Ivaí River. We suggest that species selected some abiotic factors characteristic to a given environment as spawning grounds. (AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o papel de fatores abióticos na ocorrência de larvas de peixes. As amostragens foram realizadas mensalmente em 12 estações (agrupadas em 4 áreas) nos rios Amambaí, Ivaí e Paraná e no reservatório de Itaipu, de outubro de 1994 a janeiro de 1995 (época de desova). Simultaneamente, foram obtidos dados de temperatura, pH, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido, nível da água, velocidade da água e precipitação. Análises de Componentes Principais (PCA) e de Correspondência com Remoção do Efeito de Arco (DCA) foram aplicadas para sumarizar os dados abióticos e as densidades de larvas, respectivamente. O rio Amambaí diferiu significativamente das outras áreas em relação aos fatores abióticos. O reservatório de Itaipu diferiu significativamente das outras áreas quanto à composição de espécies, tendo o rio Ivaí também diferido do rio Paraná neste aspecto. A relação entre os eixos da PCA e DCA foi significativa, indicando que os fatores abióticos influenciam as larvas. Por exemplo, Leporinus elongatus preferiu o rio Amambaí, Hypophthalmus edentatus, Plagioscion squamosissimus e Hoplias aff. malabaricus o reservatório de Itaipu e Pimelodus maculatus, Auchenipterus osteomystax e Iheringichthys labrosus o rio Ivaí. Assim, sugerimos que cada espécie seleciona um conjunto de características abióticas em um dado ambiente utilizado como local de desova. (AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of abiotic factors on fish larvae occurrence. Samplings were carried out monthly at 12 stations (grouped in four areas) in the Amambaí, Ivaí and Paraná rivers and in the Itaipu Reservoir (upper Paraná River basin), from October 1994 to January 1995 (spawning season). Simultaneously, we obtained water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, water level, water velocity, and rainfall. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) and Detrended Correspondence Analyses (DCA) were applied to summarize abiotic and larvae density data, respectively. Amambaí River differed significantly from the other areas in relation to abiotic factors. Itaipu Reservoir differed significantly from the other areas considering species composition, and the Ivaí River also differed from the Paraná River. The relationship among PCA and DCA axes were significant, indicating that abiotic factors do influence larva. For example: Leporinus elongatus prefered the Amambaí River, Hypophthalmus edentatus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, and Hoplias aff. malabaricus the Itaipu Reservoir, and Pimelodus maculatus, Auchenipterus osteomystax and Iheringichthys labrosus the Ivaí River. We suggest that species selected some abiotic factors characteristic to a given environment as spawning grounds.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o papel de fatores abióticos na ocorrência de larvas de peixes. As amostragens foram realizadas mensalmente em 12 estações (agrupadas em 4 áreas) nos rios Amambaí, Ivaí e Paraná e no reservatório de Itaipu, de outubro de 1994 a janeiro de 1995 (época de desova). Simultaneamente, foram obtidos dados de temperatura, pH, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido, nível da água, velocidade da água e precipitação. Análises de Componentes Principais (PCA) e de Correspondência com Remoção do Efeito de Arco (DCA) foram aplicadas para sumarizar os dados abióticos e as densidades de larvas, respectivamente. O rio Amambaí diferiu significativamente das outras áreas em relação aos fatores abióticos. O reservatório de Itaipu diferiu significativamente das outras áreas quanto à composição de espécies, tendo o rio Ivaí também diferido do rio Paraná neste aspecto. A relação entre os eixos da PCA e DCA foi significativa, indicando que os fatores abióticos influenciam as larvas. Por exemplo, Leporinus elongatus preferiu o rio Amambaí, Hypophthalmus edentatus, Plagioscion squamosissimus e Hoplias aff. malabaricus o reservatório de Itaipu e Pimelodus maculatus, Auchenipterus osteomystax e Iheringichthys labrosus o rio Ivaí. Assim, sugerimos que cada espécie seleciona um conjunto de características abióticas em um dado ambiente utilizado como local de desova.

Asunto(s)