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For the purpose of new detritylation agents search for microarray oligonucleotide synthesis we investigated applicability of [4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dinitro-phenyl](phenyl)methyl 2,2,2-trichloroacetate for 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl group detritylation during oligonucleotide syntheses generating trichloroacetic acid at radiation by light with a length of wave of 405 nanometers. [4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dinitro-phenyl](phenyl)methyl 2,2,2-trichloroacetate has been successfully used for solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis of desired oligonucleotides.

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Disorders in restructuring of T-cell receptor gamma-chain in DNA from skin biopsy specimens and peripheral blood lymphocyte of patients with malignant skin lymphomas at different stages of the disease were detected by PCR. Nucleotide sequences of monoclonal T-cell receptors were determined. The study showed that DNA sequences from the skin and lymphocytes did not coincide in some cases.

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The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, and the content of antibodies to H1 histone fraction in peripheral blood lymphocytes, epidermis, and serum were evaluated in patients with mycosis fungoides. It was found that as the disease progresses, cytokine synthesis is switched from Th1 to Th2 class and production of proinflammatory cytokines increases, which indirectly promotes the development of the autoimmune reaction.

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Associations of a new human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) with different forms of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in Russia have been studied. Search for this virus genetic information has been carried out in biopsy specimens of benign and malignant tumors other than KS, and probable sites of HHV-8 latency in human body have been checked. HHV-8 sequences were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HHV-8 sequences were most often detected in idiopathic (80.6%), AIDS-associated (80%), and immunosuppressive (100%) KS. The results indicate a selective association of HHV-8 with KS. No probable sites of the virus latency were detected in peripheral blood cells of patients with KS and in the prostate of patients with chronic prostatitis. The only exception was the husband of a patient with KS: HHV-8 sequences were detected in his prostatic secretion by nested PCR.

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The author recalls heavy labor and work in hospitals of the Ukhto-Izhem penitentiary for political prisoners where he spent 8 years (1938-1946) including 5 years as a prisoner. Being in the past a student of an industrial technical school, in the penitentiary he worked as a medical assistant, doctor, pathologist. His first research was dermal lesions in pellagra. The prisoners who worked as assistants and physicians contributed much to improving diagnosis and treatment in the penitentiary. The author in the future received medical education and worked as a pathologist and eventually became a professor.

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Surgical material (10 cases) included 7 cases of diffuse and 3 cases of nodular or tumor-like forms of the disease. Criteria for differential diagnosis with renal carcinoma which can develop, in some cases, against the background of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis are presented.

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Primary multiple malignancies were identified in 67 cases (3.55%) as a result of evaluation of 2,000 autopsy reports on deaths from lung cancer filed in Petrozavodsk and St. Petersburg. Eighty eight cases of primary multiple malignancies of the lung are discussed. A second tumor was found to be localized most frequently in the organs of respiration and digestion.

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Autopsy-based data on complications involved in lung cancer untreated by surgery are presented.

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Review of the literature on carcinoid lung tumors covers classification, macro- and microscopical structure, prognosis of typical and atypical carcinoids, role of special staining methods and electron microscopy in their diagnosis. The role of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of a rare structural variant, oncocytic carcinoid, is emphasized.

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340 autopsy cases of pancreatic carcinoma from hospitals of St. Petersburg (1990-1991) and Petrozavodsk (1981-1990) have been studied (male/female proportion 1.1:1). The pancreatic head was involved in 75% of cases, including the head only in 61.3%, head and body in 12%, total organ involvement in 2.7%. Pancreatic carcinoma was combined with other tumors in 7 cases, including 4 cases of simultaneous combination. Histological types of carcinoma were represented by: adenocarcinoma (75.2%), undifferentiated carcinoma (10.9%), solid cancer (5.8%), mucosal (4.1%), squamous cell carcinoma (1.7%), glandular-squamous cell carcinoma (0.6%). Metastases occurred most frequently in the liver (52.6%) and lymph nodes (44.7%). Jaundice was registered in 39.1% of cases, primarily in cases of carcinomatous head involvement, and in 12.8% without such involvement (most frequently with metastases to the portal lymph nodes of the liver). Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 18 (5.3%) patients, but only in 4 of them as a consequence of pancreatic carcinoma. The diagnosis was found missed in 48% of patients.

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Autopsy records have been analysed for 52 fatal cases of extrahepatic bile ducts cancer. Primary cancer most frequently involved common bile duct (37 cases). Histologically, skirr was found in 1 case, small-cell cancer in 1 case, adenocarcinoma in 50 cases. Radical and palliative surgery was performed in 4 and 24 cases, respectively. The invasion into the adjacent tissues and organs occurred in 34.6%, metastases were found in 32.7% of cases. Another primary lesion arose in 2 patients (sigmoid, thyroid cancer). 92.3% of patients developed jaundice with hepatic or hepatorenal insufficiency. Purulent hepatic disorder, impairment of intrahepatic bile ducts were seen in 40.4%. Focal pneumonia emerged in 32.7% of patients. Accurate lifetime diagnosis was made in 30 of 52 patients only.

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The description of this rare tumor in a male of 68 is reported. Clinical symptoms were hemoptysis, fever; was hospitalized with a suspicion of tuberculosis recurrence. Roentgenologically atelectasis of upper lobe of the right lung and obturation of the corresponding bronchus. Tumour had a diameter of 3 cm, histologically chondrosarcoma of the II degree of maturation with the inclusion of small cell sarcomatous areas (chondrosarcoma with a "mesenchymal" sarcomatous component).

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Nine patients with Kaposi's sarcoma and five suffering from T-cell lymphoma have been examined. Antibodies to HTLV-1 were not found in these patients. The primary cellular cultures were isolated from blood and lymph nodes of the patients. Viral particles (type C) were found in the culture obtained from the patient with lymphoma of T-cell origin. DNAs from the primary cellular cultures from patients with lymphoma or sarcoma contained the sequences homologous to gag-gene of HTLV-1. The data suppose the patients with T-cell lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma to carry HTLV-1 virus.

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The tumour was found in a male of 60 who died of stomach ulcer perforation. The blastoma was 12 cm in diameter with a central cavity and was associated with the left lower--lobe bronchus. Undifferentiated (blastoma) cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, areas of squamous cell carcinoma and solid poorly differentiated carcinoma differentiating into glandular tissue were observed. Stroma consisted of stellate or syncytium--like cells with myxoid areas and a cartilaginous fragment with signs of resorption. Cavernous hemangioma and organoid structures in the form of squamous cell solid areas surrounded by syncytial mesenchymal elements were also observed.

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The co-operative investigation of two clinics on the basis of examination and treatment of 78 patients with the thoracic outlet syndrome for 5 years is presented. The comparative assessment of the two main methods for surgical treatment--1st rib resection and resection of the anterior scalene muscle has been performed. The results of less traumatic operation of the anterior scalene muscle resection employed in certain forms of the disease are similar to those in performance of more radical operation, the incidence of complications is lower.

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An observation of a clear-cell lung tumour in a girl of 14 is described. The segment of the right lung with the tumour, 3 cm in diameter, was removed during the operation. Histologically, the tumour node consisted of clear cells with a number of thin-walled vessels and rare branching tubular structures lined with monolayer epithelium. Glycogen but no lipids or argyrophilic neurosecretory granules were found in the cytoplasm of tumour cells. The neoplasm is considered to be a hamartoma.

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