RESUMEN
The outcomes for relapsed and metastatic Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is extremely poor. Therefore, it is important to identify the tumor-specific targets in these intractable diseases. High focal adhesion kinase (FAK) transcript expression levels in EWS cell lines are known. TAE226 is a dual inhibitor of FAK and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR), while PF-562,271 is a dual inhibitor of FAK and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2. We compared the cytotoxicity of TAE226 and PF-562,271 toward three EWS cell lines. TAE226 strongly inhibited proliferation of three cell lines when compared with PF-562,271. Furthermore, we investigated the efficacy of TAE226 as well as its mechanism of action against EWS. A stable EWS cell line with FAK and IGF-IR knocked down was established, and microarray analysis revealed dysregulated expression in various pathways. TAE226 treatment of EWS cell lines induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, AKT dephosphorylation, and inhibition of invasion. We demonstrated that TAE226 drastically inhibits the local growth of primary tumors and metastasis in EWS using mouse models. Furthermore, the combination of TAE226 and conventional chemotherapy proved to exert synergistic effects. TAE226 may be a candidate single agent or combined therapy drug to be developed for patients who have relapse and metastatic EWS tumors in future.
Asunto(s)
Proteína-Tirosina Quinasas de Adhesión Focal/antagonistas & inhibidores , Morfolinas/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Receptor IGF Tipo 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Sarcoma de Ewing/metabolismo , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Biomarcadores , Línea Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Humanos , Ratones , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Fosforilación , Sarcoma de Ewing/tratamiento farmacológico , Sarcoma de Ewing/patología , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic plaque thrombogenicity is a critical factor that affects thrombus formation and the onset of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The aim of this study was to identify the vascular factors involved in thrombus formation and AMI onset. METHODSâANDâRESULTS: Culprit lesions in 40 coronary arteries with thrombi at autopsy after lethal AMI and non-cardiac death (asymptomatic plaque disruption) were analyzed on histology. Thrombus size, ratio of thrombus to lumen area, length of plaque disruption, and immunopositive areas for tissue factor (TF) and hexokinase (HK)-II were significantly larger in coronary arteries with AMI than with asymptomatic plaque disruption. The size of coronary thrombus positively correlated with the length of plaque disruption (r=0.80) and with immunopositive areas for TF (r=0.38) and HK-II (r=0.40). Because both M1 and M2 macrophages express TF and HK-II in symptomatic plaques, we assessed TF and HK-II expression in M1- and M2-polarized macrophages. The expression of TF was increased and that of HK-II was decreased in M2-, compared with M1-polarized THP-1 macrophages. Inhibiting glycolysis enhanced TF expression in the macrophages partly via hypoxia inducible factor-1α. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of plaque disruption and expression of TF and HK-II appear to be important vascular factors for AMI onset, and polarized macrophages make a distinct contribution to thrombogenicity and glucose metabolism.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/enzimología , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/patología , Trombosis Coronaria/enzimología , Trombosis Coronaria/patología , Vasos Coronarios/enzimología , Vasos Coronarios/patología , Hexoquinasa/metabolismo , Placa Aterosclerótica , Autopsia , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Causas de Muerte , Línea Celular , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/genética , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/mortalidad , Trombosis Coronaria/genética , Trombosis Coronaria/mortalidad , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Glucólisis , Hexoquinasa/genética , Humanos , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Macrófagos/enzimología , Infarto del Miocardio/enzimología , Infarto del Miocardio/mortalidad , Infarto del Miocardio/patología , Fenotipo , Tromboplastina/genética , Tromboplastina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Bone marrow necrosis (BMN) is a rare phenomenon in children with malignancies, occurring most commonly in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The pathophysiology of this phenomenon has not been identified. We analyzed seven BMN cases with ALL in order to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Serum high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), cytochrome C, cytokines, and chemokines were measured, and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RQ-RT-PCR) and immunochemistry of death-related molecules were analyzed using bone marrow samples. The serum levels of 17 of 27 cytokines and chemokines were found to be significantly elevated in patients with BMN in comparison to those in healthy volunteers; however, IFN-γ and IL-10 were not elevated. The cytokine pattern was different to that reported in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. The HMGB1 and cytochrome C levels in patients with BMN were not elevated. RQ-RT-PCR revealed significant overexpression of Fas-ligand, perforin, and granzyme B in the bone marrow of patients with ALL complicated with BMN compared with that in healthy volunteers and in patients with ALL without BMN. On immunohistochemistry, we identified leukemic cell-eliciting Fas-ligand and macrophage-eliciting TNF-α. Thus, no close relationship with massive necrosis or the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis was identified in the occurrence of BMN. These results suggest that the massive cell death phenomenon called BMN is partially induced by the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis.
Asunto(s)
Médula Ósea/metabolismo , Médula Ósea/patología , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/patología , Adolescente , Preescolar , Proteína Ligando Fas/metabolismo , Femenino , Proteína HMGB1/metabolismo , Humanos , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Masculino , Necrosis , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
A new pancreas cancer cell line, SUIT-58, was established from metastatic liver tumor. The cultured cells exhibited polygonal shape, and proliferated in a form of sheet-structure showing prominent nucleoli and frequent mitotic features. Chromosome count ranged from 54 to 73 with modal chromosome numbers 72 and 73. It was noteworthy that this cell line grew in the serum-free media and maintained in this condition for 30 passages (designated as S58-SF). Both SUIT-58 and S58-SF cell lines were successfully transplanted into nude mice, and their tumor doubling times in xenografts were calculated as 5.4 and 2.8 days, respectively. Histopathologically, the xenografts formed glandular structure that resembled the original tumor. In culture media, the doubling time of SUIT-58 and S58-SF cell lines was calculated as 32 and 35.7 h, respectively. Although the cellular arrangements of SUIT-58 and S58-SF cell lines are different to some extent, their subcellular structures under electron microscope were similar with a large number of lysosomes and distinct desmosomes at cell-cell adhesion sites. The present SUIT-58 and its derivative cell line S58-SF will be applicable for biological studies to develop a new clinical treatment of refractory pancreatic cancer.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma/patología , Adenocarcinoma/secundario , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula/métodos , Medio de Cultivo Libre de Suero , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundario , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/ultraestructura , Anciano , Errores Innatos del Metabolismo de los Aminoácidos , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Transformación Celular Neoplásica , Hipoplasia del Esmalte Dental , Diabetes Mellitus , Enanismo , Femenino , Xenoinjertos , Humanos , Discapacidad Intelectual , Cariotipificación , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/ultraestructura , Ratones Desnudos , Microcefalia , Microscopía Electroquímica de Rastreo , Trasplante de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/ultraestructura , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
AIM: To clarify the contribution of hemodynamic factors to the onset of plaque erosion in smooth muscle cell (SMC)-rich atherosclerotic plaque. METHODS: We developed a rabbit model of SMC-rich atherosclerotic plaque with various degree of stenosis induced by incomplete ligation and generated three-dimensional models of five rabbit femoral arteries based on 130-162 serial histological cross-sections at 100-µm intervals per artery. We performed a computational blood flow simulation using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model and calculated the wall shear stress (WSS), turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), blood pressure (BP) and blood pressure gradients (BPG) in eight sections (the inlet, the stenotic portion and areas 1, 2 and 5mm from the stenotic portion) in each rabbit. We also investigated whether the magnitude of WSS or TKE was related to the presence or absence of erosive injury by evaluating six points (the locally highest, median and lowest of WSS or TKE) in each section. RESULTS: The magnitudes of WSS, TKE and BPG, but not BP, correlated significantly with the extent of histologically-defined plaque erosion (WSS, r=0.55, pï¼0.001; TKE, r=0.53, pï¼0.001; BPG, r=0.61, pï¼0.0001, n=40). The values for WSS and TKE were significantly larger at sites with, compared to without, erosive injury (n=107 and n=119 points, respectively; both pï¼0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that increased values of WSS, TKE and BPG considerably contribute to the onset of plaque erosion.
Asunto(s)
Velocidad del Flujo Sanguíneo , Arterias Carótidas/fisiología , Hemodinámica , Modelos Cardiovasculares , Placa Aterosclerótica/fisiopatología , Resistencia al Corte , Estrés Mecánico , Animales , Determinación de la Presión Sanguínea , Estenosis Carotídea , Hidrodinámica , Masculino , ConejosRESUMEN
X-linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (X-EDA-ID) is caused by hypomorphic mutations in the gene encoding nuclear factor-κB essential modulator protein (NEMO). Patients are susceptibile to diverse pathogens due to insufficient cytokine and frequently show severe chronic colitis. An 11-year-old boy with X-EDA-ID was hospitalized with autoimmune symptoms and severe chronic colitis which had been refractory to immunosuppressive drugs. Since tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α is responsible for the pathogenesis of NEMO colitis according to intestinal NEMO and additional TNFR1 knockout mice studies, and high levels of TNFα-producing mononuclear cells were detected in the patient due to the unexpected gene reversion mosaicism of NEMO, an anti-TNFα monoclonal antibody was administered to ameliorate his abdominal symptoms. Repeated administrations improved his colonoscopic findings as well as his dry skin along with a reduction of TNFα-expressing T cells. These findings suggest TNF blockade therapy is of value for refractory NEMO colitis with gene reversion.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Colitis/complicaciones , Colitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Displasia Ectodermal Anhidrótica Tipo 1/complicaciones , Síndromes de Inmunodeficiencia/complicaciones , Secuencia de Bases , Niño , Colitis/genética , Colon/patología , Displasia Ectodermal Anhidrótica Tipo 1/genética , Humanos , Quinasa I-kappa B/genética , Síndromes de Inmunodeficiencia/genética , Infliximab , Masculino , Mutación , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/biosíntesisRESUMEN
We describe a novel cystic renal tumor consisting of benign epithelial and malignant stromal components in a 56-year-old woman who was admitted to hospital with macroscopic hematuria. Enhanced computed tomography revealed a multilocular 3.4 × 2.7-cm tumor in the center of the left kidney. After total left nephrectomy, the excised tumor appeared extensively cystic with a well defined border on the cut surface. Histologically, the tumor was composed of biphasic a benign epithelial lining on tubules or cysts with a typically hobnailed appearance, and anaplastic sarcomatous stroma with frequent mitosis. Periepithelial cuffing of the sarcoma cells was evident without an epithelial-stromal transition. Carcinomatous nests, blastemic elements, ovarian-like stroma or differentiated mesenchyme were not evident in the stroma. The epithelial cells were reactive with cytokeratins, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), vimentin and transducin-like enhancer protein 1 (TLE1). Stromal cells were reactive with vimentin, CD99 and TLE1, partly reactive with CD34 and CD10, and non-reactive with cytokeratins, EMA, Wilm's tumor protein (WT-1), estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), CD57, HMB45 or Bcl2. SYT-SSX fusion gene was not detected with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Because these findings did not coincide with established descriptions of cystic renal neoplasms, we preferred the term, 'adenosarcoma'. This could become a new classification for adult cystic renal tumors.