RESUMEN

A water-soluble heteroglycan (PS-I) isolated from the aqueous extract of a wild edible mushroom Lentinus sajor-caju showed average molecular weight ∼1.79×105Da. The structure of the polysaccharide was determined using chemical and 1D/2D NMR experiments. Acid hydrolysis indicated the presence of d-glucose, d-galactose, d-mannose, and l-fucose in a molar ratio of nearly 4:4:1:1 respectively. The presence of terminal Fucp, terminal Galp, (1→3)-Glcp, (1→6)-Galp, (1→6)-Glcp, (1→4,6)-Galp, and (1→2,4)-Manp moieties were established from methylation analysis. The chemical and NMR analyses indicated that the PS-I was a heteroglycan composed of a repeating unit with backbone chain of three (1→6)-α-d-galactopyranosyl residues, two (1→6)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl residues, one (1→4)-α-d-mannopyranosyl residue, and two (1→3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl residues where one (1→6)-α-d-galactopyranosyl residue was branched at O-4 position with terminal α-l-fucopyranosyl residue and (1→4)-α-d-mannopyranosyl residue was branched at O-2 position with terminal α-d-galactopyranosyl residue and the structure was proposed as; The PS-I is a moderate antioxidant compound which showed DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging property, reducing power, and ferrous ion chelating ability.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes/química , Lentinula/química , Estructura Molecular , Polisacáridos/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/química , Fucosa/química , Galactosa/química , Glucosa/química , Hidrólisis , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Manosa/química , Peso Molecular , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Solubilidad

RESUMEN

A new water soluble glucan (MGPS), with a molecular weight ∼1.48×105Da, was isolated from the fruit bodies of Meripilus giganteus by hot water extraction followed by purification through dialysis tubing cellulose membrane and sepharose 6B column chromatography. Its structural characteristics were investigated by acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation and 1D/2D NMR experiments. The monosaccharide composition analysis showed that MGPS contain only glucose. The backbone of MGPS was composed of two (1→3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl, two (1→6)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl, two (1→6)-α-d-glucopyranosyl, and one (1→4)-α-d-glucopyranosyl residues, out of which one (1→3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl residue was branched at O-6 position with terminal α-d-glucopyranosyl residue and one (1→4)-α-d-glucopyranosyl residue branched at O-6 position with terminal ß-d-glucopyranosyl residue. In vitro antioxidant studies showed that the MGPS exhibited hydroxide radical scavenging activity (IC50=390µg/mL), superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC50=70µg/mL), and ferrous ion chelating activity (IC50=290µg/mL).

Asunto(s)

Agaricales/química , Antioxidantes/química , Glucanos/química , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Quelantes/química , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/química , Hidrólisis , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética

RESUMEN

A water-soluble heteroglycan (PS-II) with average molecular weight ∼7.27×104Da, was isolated from the fruiting bodies of an edible truffle mushroom Tuber rufum (Pico) var. by hot water extraction. The structural investigation of PS-II has been carried out using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and 1D/2D NMR experiments. It was composed of d-glucose, d-galactose, l-fucose in a molar ratio of nearly 4:3:1 respectively. On the basis of these experiments, the repeating unit of the PS-II was found to contain a backbone of two (1→6)-α-d-galactopyranosyl, one (1→4)-α-d-glucopyranosyl, two (1→6)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl, and one (1→4)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl residues, out of which (1→4)-α-d-glucopyranosyl residue was branched at O-2 position with terminal α-l-fucopyranosyl residue and at O-6 position with terminal α-d-galactopyranosyl residue. Ameliorative activities of the PS-II was observed at different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, 400µg/ml) and it maintained the redox balance as well as reduced the lipid peroxidation to protect the cell damage.

Asunto(s)

Agaricales/química , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/química , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/química , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Agaricales/metabolismo , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/metabolismo , Fucosa/química , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/aislamiento & purificación , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/farmacología , Galactosa/química , Glucosa/química , Glicósidos/química , Calor , Humanos , Hidrólisis , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Extracción Líquido-Líquido/métodos , Linfocitos/citología , Linfocitos/enzimología , Peso Molecular , Oxidación-Reducción/efectos de los fármacos , Solubilidad , Agua/química

RESUMEN

A water soluble fucogalactan (PS-II) of an average molecular weight ∼1.2×10(5) Da was isolated from the aqueous extract of an edible mushroom Macrolepiota dolichaula. It was composed of fucose, galactose and 3-O-methyl galactose in a molar ratio of nearly 1:4:1. Structural characterization of PS-II was carried out using total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, and 1D/2D NMR experiments. These results indicated that the proposed repeating unit of the PS-II had a backbone chain consisting of four (1→6)- linked α-d-Galp residues, one residue methylated at O-3, and another one substituted at O-2 by (1→2)-α-d-Galp residue, which is terminated with a α-l-Fucp moiety. The PS-II exhibited the antioxidant properties in different in vitro test systems, and also showed in vitro macrophage activation in RAW 264.7 cell line as well as splenocyte and thymocyte activation in mouse cell culture medium.

Asunto(s)

Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/química , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/farmacología , Agaricales/química , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Galactanos/química , Galactanos/farmacología , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Galactanos/aislamiento & purificación , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Ratones , Células RAW 264.7 , Bazo/efectos de los fármacos , Bazo/inmunología , Timocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Timocitos/inmunología

RESUMEN

A water-soluble heteroglycan (PS) of an average molecular weight ∼1.98 ×10(5) Da was isolated from the aqueous extract of an edible mushroom Termitomyces clypeatus (R. Heim). The structure of the polysaccharide (PS) was established using total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, and 1D/2D NMR experiments. Total hydrolysis indicated the presence of d-glucose, d-galactose, d-mannose, and l-fucose in a molar ratio of 4.10:1.95:1.0:0.95, respectively. The chemical and NMR analysis indicated the presence of a repeating unit with a backbone consisting of one each of the residues (1→3)-α-d-galactopyranosyl, (1→3)-α-d-mannopyranosyl, (1→3)-α-d-glucopyranosyl, (1→3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl, (1→6)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl, and (1→6)-α-d-galactopyranosyl, respectively. The (1→3)-α-d-mannopyranosyl residue was found branched at O-2 with terminal α-l-fucopyranosyl moiety and (1→3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl residue was branched at O-6 with terminal α-d-glucopyranosyl residue. The PS exhibited antioxidant properties.

Asunto(s)

Agaricales/química , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Quelantes del Hierro/química , Quelantes del Hierro/farmacología , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/química , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Peso Molecular , Oxidación-Reducción/efectos de los fármacos , Solubilidad , Superóxidos/química , Agua/química

RESUMEN

A water soluble branched ß-D-glucan (PS-I) with an average molecular weight ~2.1×10(5) Da was isolated from alkaline extract of the fruit bodies of the edible mushroom Entoloma lividoalbum (Kühner & Romagn) Kubicka which consists of terminal ß-D-glucopyranosyl, (1→3)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl, (1→6)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl, and (1→3,6)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl moieties in a molar ratio of nearly 1:3:2:1. The structure of PS-I was elucidated using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation study, partial hydrolysis, and 1D/2D NMR experiments. The repeating unit of the polysaccharide (PS-I) contains a backbone chain of three (1→6)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl residues, one of which was branched at O-3 position with the side chain consisting of three (1→3)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl and a terminal ß-D-glucopyranosyl residues. Total antioxidant capacity of 1mg PS-I was measured and found equivalent to 70±15 µg of ascorbic acid. The PS-I was found to possess hydroxyl and superoxide radical-scavenging activities with EC50 values of 480 and 150 µg/mL, respectively. The reducing power of PS-I was determined 0.5 at 480 µg/mL.

Asunto(s)

Agaricales/química , Antioxidantes/química , Glucanos/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Ácido Ascórbico/química , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/química , Glucanos/farmacología , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Polisacáridos/toxicidad , Solubilidad , Superóxidos/química , Agua

RESUMEN

A water soluble ß-glucan (PS) with an average molecular weight ∼1.95 × 10(5)Da was isolated from the alkaline extract of ectomycorrhizal edible mushroom, Russula albonigra (Krombh.) Fr. and found to consist of terminal, (1 → 3)-, (1 → 6)-, and (1 → 3,6)-linked ß-D-glucopyranosyl moieties in a ratio of nearly 1:2:2:1. The structure of this PS was elucidated on the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, partial hydrolysis, and 1D/2D NMR experiments. On the basis of these experiments, the repeating unit of the PS was found to contain a backbone of three (1 → 6)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl residues, one of which was branched at O-3 position with the side chain consisting of two (1 → 3)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl and a terminal ß-D-glucopyranosyl residue. This PS showed in vitro macrophage activation by NO production as well as splenocytes and thymocytes proliferation. Moreover, it also exhibited potent antioxidant activities.

Asunto(s)

Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/farmacología , Agaricales/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Activación de Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , beta-Glucanos/farmacología , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/química , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Proliferación Celular , Células Cultivadas , Hidrólisis , Radical Hidroxilo/antagonistas & inhibidores , Linfocitos/citología , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Activación de Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/citología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Metilación , Ratones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Peso Molecular , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Solubilidad , Superóxidos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Timocitos/citología , Timocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Agua , beta-Glucanos/química , beta-Glucanos/aislamiento & purificación

RESUMEN

A water soluble branched glucan (PS-I) was isolated from aqueous extract of the fruit bodies of an edible mushroom Macrolepiota dolichaula, having average molecular weight ~2.02×10(5) Da. The structure of this PS-I was determined using total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, partial hydrolysis, and 1D/2D NMR experiments. Total hydrolysis and methylation analysis results showed the presence of (1→3, 6)-, (1→6)-, (1→4)-, (1→3)-linked and terminal ß-D-glucopyranosyl residues in a relative proportion of nearly 1:2:1:1:1. All the chemical and NMR results indicated that the PS-I was a branched glucan, and the repeating unit of this glucan consisted of a backbone chain of three (1→6)-linked-ß-D-glucopyranosyl residues where one of the backbone residues is branched at O-3 with (1→3)- moiety which is further attached to another (1→4)- residue and terminated with a non-reducing ß-D-glucopyranosyl residue. The PS-I exhibited in vitro macrophage activation in RAW 264.7 cell line as well as splenocyte and thymocyte activation in mouse cell culture medium.

Asunto(s)

Agaricales/química , Glucanos/química , Glucanos/aislamiento & purificación , Factores Inmunológicos/química , Factores Inmunológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Línea Celular , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Glucanos/farmacología , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Activación de Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Activación de Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Ratones , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular

RESUMEN

A water soluble heteroglycan (PS-II) of average molecular weight ∼1.45 × 10(5)Da was isolated from the aqueous extract of an ectomycorrhizal edible mushroom, Russula albonigra (Krombh.) Fr. Structural characterization of PS-II was carried out using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and 1D/2D NMR studies. Structural analysis revealed that PS-II was composed of terminal 2-O-methyl-Fucp, terminal Manp, (1→2)-Fucp, (1→3)-Glcp, (1→3,4)-Glcp, (1→6)-Galp, and (1→2,6)-Galp residues in a relative proportion of approximately 1:1:1:1:1:1:1. The proposed repeating unit of the PS-II had a backbone consisting of two (1→3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl, two (1→6)-α-d-galactopyranosyl, and one (1→2)-α-l-fucopyranosyl residues, out of which one (1→3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl residue was branched at O-4 position with terminal 2-O-methyl-α-l-fucopyranosyl and one (1→6)-α-d-galactopyranosyl residue was branched at O-2 position with terminal α-d-mannopyranosyl residue. This PS-II showed in vitro macrophage activation by NO production as well as splenocytes and thymocytes proliferation.

Asunto(s)

Agaricales/química , Factores Inmunológicos/química , Polisacáridos/química , Animales , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Línea Celular , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Hidrólisis , Factores Inmunológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Macrófagos/citología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Ratones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Peso Molecular , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Bazo/citología , Bazo/efectos de los fármacos , Timocitos/citología , Timocitos/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

A water soluble glucan of average molecular weight ∼1.74×10(5)Da was isolated from hot aqueous extract of the fruiting bodies of an ectomycorrhizal edible mushroom Tricholoma crassum (Berk.) Sacc. The structure of this glucan was elucidated on the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, and 1D/2D NMR studies. Based on the above experiments the repeating unit of the glucan was established as: [formula see text]. This glucan showed macrophage activation in vitro by NO production in a dose dependent manner and strong splenocyte and thymocyte immunostimulation in mouse cell culture medium. It also exhibited good inhibition activity toward lipid peroxidation.

Asunto(s)

Glucanos/química , Tricholoma/química , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Glucanos/farmacología , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Ratones , Timocitos/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

An immunostimulating water-insoluble ß-glucan isolated from hot alkaline extract of the fruiting bodies of an edible somatic hybrid mushroom of Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica var. APK2 showed significant macrophage, splenocyte, and thymocyte activations. On the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, and NMR experiments ((1)H, (13)C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, DEPT-135, and HSQC), the repeating unit of the polysaccharide is established.

Asunto(s)

Agaricales/química , Agaricales/genética , Macrófagos Peritoneales/efectos de los fármacos , beta-Glucanos/metabolismo , beta-Glucanos/farmacología , Animales , Conformación de Carbohidratos , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Células Cultivadas , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Ratones , Bazo/citología , Timocitos/citología , Timocitos/efectos de los fármacos , beta-Glucanos/química

RESUMEN

The structure of a water-soluble pectic polysaccharide (PS) isolated from immature onion stick (Allium cepa) was investigated using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation study, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC). The results of the above experiments indicated that the PS contained d-galactose, 6-O-Me-D-galactose, 3-O-acetyl-D-methyl galacturonate and D-methyl galacturonate in a molar ratio of nearly 1:1:1:1 and possesses a backbone of [→4)-α-D-GalpA6Me-(1→4)-α-D-GalpA6Me-(1→] in which one methyl galacturonate was substituted at O-3 position by an acetyl group and the neighboring methyl galacturonate being substituted at O-2 with a side chain, α-D-Galp-(1→4)-6-O-Me-ß-D-Galp-(1→. The probable structure of repeating unit of the pectic polysaccharide was established as: [formula in text] The pectic polysaccharide showed in vitro splenocyte, thymocyte as well as macrophage activations.

Asunto(s)

Galactosa , Cebollas/química , Pectinas/química , Polisacáridos/química , Animales , Galactosa/análogos & derivados , Galactosa/química , Galactosa/aislamiento & purificación , Galactosa/farmacología , Activación de Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Activación de Macrófagos/inmunología , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Ratones , Estructura Molecular , Polisacáridos/inmunología , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Timocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Timocitos/inmunología , Agua

RESUMEN

A water soluble glucan (PS-I) was isolated from the hot aqueous extract of the fruit bodies of an ectomycorrhizal edible mushroom, Russula albonigra (Krombh.) Fr. The total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC) studies revealed the presence of the following repeating unit in the polysaccharide: This glucan showed excellent activation of macrophages as well as splenocytes and thymocytes in vitro.

Asunto(s)

Agaricales/química , Glucanos/química , Glucanos/farmacología , Calor , Micorrizas/química , Agua/química , Animales , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Línea Celular , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/química , Glucanos/aislamiento & purificación , Células HeLa , Humanos , Factores Inmunológicos/química , Factores Inmunológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Ratones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Solubilidad

RESUMEN

An immunoenhancing water-soluble hetero polysaccharide was isolated from an alkaline extract of the fruit bodies of an ectomycorrhizal edible mushroom, Tricholoma crassum (Berk.) Sacc. The structure of the molecule was investigated using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis; periodate oxidation study, and NMR spectroscopy techniques ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC). On the basis of the above-mentioned experiments the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: This polysaccharide exhibited splenocyte, thymocyte as well as macrophage activations.

Asunto(s)

Mezclas Complejas/química , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/química , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/farmacología , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Tricholoma/química , Álcalis , Animales , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/química , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/aislamiento & purificación , Hidrólisis , Factores Inmunológicos/química , Factores Inmunológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Activación de Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Metilación , Ratones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Oxidación-Reducción , Bazo/citología , Bazo/efectos de los fármacos , Bazo/inmunología , Timocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Timocitos/metabolismo