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Introduction: Oral cancer ranks sixth place worldwide among other cancers and is known for its high morbidity and mortality rates. Among oral cancer, oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) remains the most common. Expression of specific biomarkers are known to be related to the prognosis of the OSCC. Methodology: An immunohistochemistry study was performed to evaluate the expression of Cyclin D1 and CENPF for their prognostic significance in twenty OSCC patients. The follow-up period ranged from 10 to 18 months. The expression of these proliferative markers was correlated with demographic, clinical and histopathological grade of the disease. Results: The results revealed 28% mortality rates in relation to OSCC involving retro-molar trigone. Based on the Cyclin D1 and CENPF expression, high mortality rate (Pearson coefficient = 0.800) was seen with grade 3 and 4 expressions of the markers. Decreased survival rates (Pearson coefficient = 0.824) were observed with stage III and IV disease with grade 3 and 4 expressions of the markers. Conclusion: Cyclin D1 and CENPF have shown promising results as proliferative markers which can be linked with prognosis of OSCC in this study. Further studies with larger sample size are needed to extrapolate our findings.
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Oral cancer burden poses a major challenge in India. Oral cancer in the majority of instances arises from preexisting oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Early detection of OPMD and elimination of primary risk factors such as smokeless and smoking tobacco help in reduction of oral cancer. A study was conducted to find the prevalence and associated risk factors of OPMDs and oral malignant lesions (OMLs) in Punalur township of South Kerala. A total of 2368 patients were screened, out of which 156 were identified with OPMD and 5 with OML. A male predominance was noted for both OPMD and OML. Strong association with smokeless tobacco and smoking tobacco habits was seen with patients having OPMD and OML.
RESUMEN
Red spider mite (RSM), Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner) (Acarina: Tetranychidae), has gained special attention in view of their widespread occurrence as a pest on tea [Camellia sinensis L. (O. Kuntze)]. The development of acaricide (fenpropathrin) resistance has been screened in field populations (FPs) of RSMs from different tea-growing regions of south India and compared with a laboratory-susceptible population (SP) based on toxicity bioassay, detoxifying enzyme activities, analysis of acetylcholine esterase gene (AChE, 2064 bp), and their expression pattern using semiquantitative RT-PCR. The increased resistance ratio (RR, 1.39 to 2.13) in LC50 of fenpropathrin observed in field populations of RSM provides a baseline for screening the development of resistance to fenpropathrin. This resistance developed due to hyperexpression of detoxifying enzymes, i.e., esterase (RR of 1.43 to 2.53) and glutathione S-transferase (RR of 1.11 to 1.86), and overexpression of AChE gene at 1.4 to 2.7-fold. These results necessitate molecular studies and warrant the continuous monitoring of acaricide susceptibility and resistance pattern in order to analyze the usefulness of AChE gene as target for developing alternate pest control strategies and management of pesticide resistance in tea ecosystem.