RESUMEN

Es importante evaluar el afrontamiento de los preescolares, específicamente de niños mexicanos, para diseñar programas de intervención y promover estrategias de afrontamiento funcionales ante situaciones estresantes, lo cual puede tener implicaciones en su salud mental. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Afrontamiento, versión para preescolares a una versión para cuidadores. Participaron 525 cuidadores en total, el rango de edad de los niños fue de 2 años 9 meses a 6 años (M = 4.4; D.E.= 0.795); el 49.3% fueron niños y el 50.7% niñas. Se trabajó con la Escala de Afrontamiento para Preescolares, versiones padres (EAP-P), la cual, es una escala tipo Likert de 23 preguntas con 4 opciones de respuesta donde 1=nunca, 2 = pocas veces, 3 = muchas veces y 4= siempre. La Escala se aplicó a los cuidadores por medio de la plataforma Survey Monkey. Se realizó el análisis factorial confirmatorio. Los resultados mostraron un ajuste adecuado del modelo a los datos (RMSEA=.05; NFI = .93: TLI = .91 y CFI = .93). La medida de confiabilidad obtenida mediante el coeficiente alfa de Omega fue de .81 para la escala final de 14 reactivos. Se considera que la EAP-P es un instrumento válido y confiable para evaluar el afrontamiento en niños de 3 a 6 años. (AU)

It is important to evaluate the coping of preschoolers, specifically Mexican children, in order to design intervention programs and promote functional coping strategies in stressful situations, which may have implications for their mental health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Coping Scale, preschool version to a version for caregivers. A total of 525 caregivers participated, the age range of the children was 2 years 9 months to 6 years (M = 4.4; and D.E.T = 0.795); 49.3% were boys and 50.7% were girls. We worked with the Coping Scale for Preschoolers, parent version (EAP-P), which is a Likert-type scale of 23 questions with 4 response options where 1 = never, 2 = seldom, 3 = many times and 4 = always. The scale was applied to the caregivers through the Survey Monkey platform. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The results showed an adequate fit of the model to the data (RMSEA = .05; NFI = .93: TLI = .91 and CFI = .93). The reliability measure obtained through alpha omega coefficient was .81 for the final scale of 14 items. It is considered that the EAP-P is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing coping in children aged 3 to 6 years. (AU)

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Resumen En el ámbito laboral, algunas condiciones basadas en estereotipos sociales promueven la obstaculización para que una mujer trabajadora acceda a las mismas oportunidades de desarrollo profesional; por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue crear y validar la Escala Techo de Cristal. Se realizó un estudio empírico instrumental con una muestra no probabilística de 203 mujeres mexicanas, que trabajaban durante la pandemia por COVID-19. El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio arrojaron valores de índice de ajuste aceptables (NFI = .832, TLI = .900, CFI = .918, y RMSEA = .62) y con un coeficiente de confiabilidad de α = .816. La escala quedó conformada por 15 reactivos en tres factores: Sobrecarga, Techo de Cristal y Balance Familia-Trabajo, siendo el modelo de tres factores la estructura idónea para medir el constructo. Los resultados brindan evidencia de que el instrumento cuenta con las propiedades psicométricas para ser utilizado en la población de estudio y con ello generar diagnósticos confiables que deriven en estrategias organizacionales para visibilizar y de ser posible erradicar este fenómeno.

Abstract In the workplace, some conditions based on social stereotypes hinder a working woman from accessing the same professional development opportunities as a male; therefore, the purpose of this research paper was to create and validate the Glass Ceiling Scale. An instrumental empirical study was carried out with a non-probabilistic sample of 203 Mexican women who worked during the Covid-19 pandemic. The Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis yielded acceptable fit index values (NFI = .832, TLI = .900, CFI = .918, and RMSEA= .62) and with a reliability coefficient of α = .816. The scale was made up of 15 items in three factors: Overload, Glass Ceiling and Family-Work Balance, with the three-factor model being the ideal structure to measure the construct. Results show evidence that the scale has the due psychometric properties for use in the study population and thereby generate reliable diagnoses that lead to organizational strategies to make visible and eradicate this phenomenon.

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BACKGROUND: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) may be related to ethnicity. Additionally, ethnic groups experience adverse socioeconomic circumstances that increase FGR risk. However, the dearth of evidence of the interaction between socioeconomic factors and FGR highlights the need for additional research. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between socioeconomic factors and FGR in Maya and non-Maya populations in Yucatan, Mexico. METHODS: A total of 21,320 singleton births in 2017 in Yucatan were analyzed. The student's t-test and the chi-square test were used to compare the means and proportions of maternal and perinatal variables between the FGR group and the birthweight appropriate for gestational age (AGA) group. Path analysis was performed to identify the direct and indirect effects of socioeconomic factors on FGR and mediators between predictors and FGR. RESULTS: The prevalence of FGR at birth was 9.06%; this rate was higher in the Maya population (12.4, 95% CI 11.3-13.5), without differences between socioeconomic levels. Path analysis revealed sociostructural variables (ethnicity and poverty) are reliable predictors of FGR at birth mediated by maternal education (ß = -.152, p < .001) and teenage pregnancy (ß = .065, p = .037). The proposal path model had a good fit index CFI = .968, TLI = .920, RMSEA = .046. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of FGR was higher among Maya women than non-Maya women The socioeconomic conditions associated with FGR at birth were ethnicity, poverty, maternal education, and teenage pregnancy. Maternal education and teenage pregnancy act as mediators between sociostructural variables and FGR at birth.

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Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue generar un instrumento confiable y válido que permita evaluar la percepción del riesgo de deslave en habitantes de asentamientos urbanos vulnerables a riesgos geológicos en la ciudad de México. Se construyó una escala conformada por 9 reactivos con 5 opciones de respuesta; para obtener las propiedades psicométricas óptimas se aplicó a 217 habitantes de entre 18 y 86 años de edad, 126 mujeres y 91 hombres. El análisis de la estructura factorial y la confiabilidad proporcionan una escala final constituida por 6 reactivos organizados en 2 factores, con apropiados índices de bondad de ajuste. Se concluye que la Escala de Percepción de Riesgo de Deslave proporciona información relevante para la toma de decisiones ante fenómenos naturales extremos en la ciudad de México.

Abstract: The main objective of this study was to develop a valid and reliable scale that assessed the risk perception in urban settlements vulnerable to geological hazards in Mexico City. The scale included 9 items with 5 optional answers. In order to obtain optimum psychometric properties, the scale was applied to 217 inhabitants between the ages of 18 and 86, from which 126 were women and 91 men. The analysis of factorial structure and the reliability provide a final scale made up from 6 items organized in 2 factors with satisfactory goodness of fit (df = 8; χ2 = 14.138; P = .078; CFI = .990; RMSEA = .060). It is concluded that the Scale of Landslide Risk Perception provides relevant information for decision-making to extreme natural phenomena in Mexico City.