RESUMEN
There has recently been increasing interest in the transgenerational effects of opioids. Herein, transgenerational consequences of maternal chronic morphine consumption before gestation were investigated at the behavioral and molecular levels of next two generations. Twelve female Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: pregestation morphine-consuming and control mothers. Morphine-consuming mothers had access to morphine solution ad libitum for 2 months, whereas the control mothers received only tap water. One month after stopping morphine consumption, rats were mated. After parturition, male and female offspring and later grandoffspring of morphine-consuming and control mothers were divided and used as the study groups. Behavioral testing comprised spatial memory assessment using Morris water maze. Hippocampal expressions of Mecp2 and Hdac2 were investigated through real-time PCR. Spatial memory was significantly diminished in male but not female offspring and grandoffspring of morphine-consuming mothers versus control (P<0.01). Hippocampal Mecp2 and Hdac2 were significantly upregulated in male but not in female offspring and grandoffspring of morphine-consuming mothers compared with control (P<0.05). Consequences of prepregnancy morphine consumption have sex differences and are detectable at the behavioral and molecular level over at least the next two generations.
Asunto(s)
Hipocampo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Histona Desacetilasa 2/metabolismo , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína 2 de Unión a Metil-CpG/metabolismo , Dependencia de Morfina/metabolismo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/metabolismo , Analgésicos Opioides/efectos adversos , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/fisiología , Morfina/efectos adversos , Embarazo , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas Wistar , Factores Sexuales , Memoria Espacial/efectos de los fármacos , Memoria Espacial/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Delayed wound healing is a common complication in diabetes mellitus. From this point of view, the main purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (ELF PEMFs) on skin wound healing in diabetic rats. In this study, diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats via a single subcutaneous injection of 65 mg/kg streptozocin (freshly dissolved in sterile saline, 0.9%). One month after the induction of diabetes, a full-thickness dermal incision (35 mm length) was made on the right side of the paravertebral region. The wound was exposed to ELF PEMF (20 Hz, 4 ms, 8 mT) for 1 h per day. Wound healing was evaluated by measuring surface area, percentage of healing, duration of healing, and wound tensile strength. Obtained results showed that the duration of wound healing in diabetic rats in comparison with the control group was significantly increased. In contrast, the rate of healing in diabetic rats receiving PEMF was significantly greater than in the diabetic control group. The wound tensile strength also was significantly greater than the control animals. In addition, the duration of wound healing in the control group receiving PEMF was less than the sham group. Based on the above-mentioned results we concluded that this study provides some evidence to support the use of ELF PEMFs to accelerate diabetic wound healing. Further research is needed to determine the PEMF mechanisms in acceleration of wound healing in diabetic rats.