RESUMEN
Introduction: The proteolytic activity of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) regulates the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptors (TNFRs) from cell surfaces. These molecules play important roles in tuberculosis (TB) shaping innate immune reactions and granuloma formation. Methods: Here, we investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ADAM17 influence TNF and TNFRs levels in 224 patients with active TB (ATB) and 118 healthy close contacts. Also, we looked for significant associations between SNPs of ADAM17 and ATB status. TNF, TNFR1, and TNFR2 levels were measured in plasma samples by ELISA. Four SNPs of ADAM17 (rs12692386, rs1524668, rs11684747, and rs55790676) were analyzed in DNA isolated from peripheral blood leucocytes. The association between ATB status, genotype, and cytokines was analyzed by multiple regression models. Results: Our results showed a higher frequency of rs11684747 and rs55790676 in close contacts than ATB patients. Coincidentally, heterozygous to these SNPs of ADAM17 showed higher plasma levels of TNF compared to homozygous to their respective ancestral alleles. Strikingly, the levels of TNF and TNFRs distinguished participant groups, with ATB patients displaying lower TNF and higher TNFR1/TNFR2 levels compared to their close contacts. Conclusion: These findings suggest a role for SNPs of ADAM17 in genetic susceptibility to ATB.
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The role of the microbiome in asthma is highlighted, considering its influence on immune responses and its connection to alterations in asthmatic patients. In this context, we review the variables influencing asthma phenotypes from a microbiome perspective and provide insights into the microbiome's role in asthma pathogenesis. Previous cohort studies in patients with asthma have shown that the presence of genera such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, and Bacteroides in the gut microbiome has been associated with protection against the disease. While, the presence of other genera such as Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Moraxella in the respiratory microbiome has been implicated in asthma pathogenesis, indicating a potential link between microbial dysbiosis and the development of asthma. Furthermore, respiratory infections have been demonstrated to impact the composition of the upper respiratory tract microbiota, increasing susceptibility to bacterial diseases and potentially triggering asthma exacerbations. By understanding the interplay between the microbiome and asthma, valuable insights into disease mechanisms can be gained, potentially leading to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Introduction: Since 2002, leptospirosis is a disease, which requires universal and immediate notification in Chile. Furthermore, it is an agent of laboratory surveillance. Aim: To describe leptospirosis in Chile and its evolution from the beginning of the obligatory notification and surveillance to the last year of available information. Methods: A descriptive analysis of the data registered from 2003 to 2009 was conducted using different databases of cases reported to the Ministry of Health (registry of notified cases, hospital discharges, laboratory registry, and deaths). As a zoonosis, animal cases registered by the Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero were also included, in order to establish an association in terms of space and temporary distribution. In accordance with the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, the codes A270 (icterohaemorragic leptospirosis), A278 (other forms), and A279 (leptospirosis, not specified) were distinguished. Results: Crossing of information from the different sources revealed an underreporting of the disease, making it impossible to determine the incidence rate and defining it only as a reporting rate. Discussion: According to these data, the disease tends to decrease. There was a correlation between the regions with highest human and animal cases, corresponding to the regions of Bio Bio and Maule; comparing the years of notification, there was no temporal correlation. Our study suggests that the surveillance of this disease should be further evaluated for its consistency, comparability, validity, sensitivity, and integrity.
Introducción: En Chile, a partir de 2002 la leptospirosis es una enfermedad de notificación obligatoria, universal e inmediata, además de ser agente de vigilancia de laboratorio. Objetivo: Describir la leptospirosis en Chile y su evolución desde el inicio del sistema de vigilancia obligatoria hasta el último año de información disponible. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos registrados desde 2003 al 2009, considerando las diferentes fuentes del Ministerio de Salud que notifican casos (registro obligatorio de casos, egresos hospitalarios, registro de laboratorio y defunciones). Por ser una zoonosis también se consideraron los casos animales registrados por el Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, de manera de establecer una asociación en términos de su distribución espacial y temporal. Se distinguieron según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE 10) los códigos A270 (Leptospirosis icterohemorrágica), A278 (Otras formas) y A279 (Leptospirosis, no especificadas). Resultados: Luego del cruce de información desde las diferentes fuentes, se puede apreciar una sub-notificación de la enfermedad, imposibilitando la determinación de la tasa de incidencia y definiéndola sólo como tasa de notificación. Discusión: De acuerdo a estos datos, la enfermedad tiende a disminuir. Existe correlación entre las regiones que registran mayor número de casos humanos y animales, correspondiendo a las regiones del Bío Bío y Maule, no existiendo concordancia en los años de registro de casos. Se sugiere que el sistema de vigilancia de esta enfermedad sea sometido a una evaluación, en términos de su consistencia, exactitud, comparabilidad, validez, sensibilidad e integralidad.
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Notificación de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Leptospirosis/epidemiología , Vigilancia de la Población , Chile/epidemiología , Incidencia , Leptospirosis/mortalidadRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Since 2002, leptospirosis is a disease, which requires universal and immediate notification in Chile. Furthermore, it is an agent of laboratory surveillance. AIM: To describe leptospirosis in Chile and its evolution from the beginning of the obligatory notification and surveillance to the last year of available information. METHODS: A descriptive analysis of the data registered from 2003 to 2009 was conducted using different databases of cases reported to the Ministry of Health (registry of notified cases, hospital discharges, laboratory registry, and deaths). As a zoonosis, animal cases registered by the Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero were also included, in order to establish an association in terms of space and temporary distribution. In accordance with the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, the codes A270 (icterohaemorragic leptospirosis), A278 (other forms), and A279 (leptospirosis, not specified) were distinguished. RESULTS: Crossing of information from the different sources revealed an underreporting of the disease, making it impossible to determine the incidence rate and defining it only as a reporting rate. DISCUSSION: According to these data, the disease tends to decrease. There was a correlation between the regions with highest human and animal cases, corresponding to the regions of Bio Bio and Maule; comparing the years of notification, there was no temporal correlation. Our study suggests that the surveillance of this disease should be further evaluated for its consistency, comparability, validity, sensitivity, and integrity.