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Since its discovery in early 1916, dengue fever, a common vector-borne illness in Brazil, has resulted in extensive urban outbreaks and poses a serious threat to the public's health. Understanding the dynamics of Dengue Virus (DENV) serotypes circulating in different regions of Brazil is essential for implementing effective disease control and prevention measures. In response to this urgent need, we conducted an on-site training program in genomic surveillance in collaboration with the Central Laboratory of Health and the Secretary of Health of the Mato Grosso do Sul state. This initiative resulted in the generation of 177 DENV genome sequences collected between May 2021 and May 2022, a period during which over 11,391 dengue fever cases were reported in the state. Through this approach, we were able to identify the co-circulation of two different dengue serotypes (DENV1 and DENV2) as well as the existence of diverse viral lineages within each genotype, suggesting that multiple introduction events of different viral strains occurred in the region. By integrating epidemiological data, our findings unveiled temporal fluctuations in the relative abundance of different serotypes throughout various epidemic seasons, highlighting the complex and changing dynamics of DENV transmission throughout time. These findings demonstrate the value of ongoing surveillance activities in tracking viral transmission patterns, monitoring viral evolution, and informing public health actions.

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Genomic surveillance has emerged as a crucial tool in monitoring and understanding the dynamics of viral variants during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the Midwest region of Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul has faced a significant burden from the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, with a total of 613,000 confirmed cases as of June 2023. In collaboration with the Central Public Health Laboratory in the capital city of Campo Grande, we conducted a portable whole-genome sequencing and phylodynamic analysis to investigate the circulation of the Omicron variant in the region. The study aimed to uncover the genomic landscape and provide valuable insights into the prevalence and transmission patterns of this highly transmissible variant. Our findings revealed an increase in the number of cases within the region during 2022, followed by a gradual decline as a result of the successful impact of the vaccination program together with the capacity of this unpredictable and very transmissible variant to quickly affect the proportion of susceptible population. Genomic data indicated multiple introduction events, suggesting that human mobility played a differential role in the variant's dispersion dynamics throughout the state. These findings emphasize the significance of implementing public health interventions to mitigate further spread and highlight the powerful role of genomic monitoring in promptly tracking and uncovering the circulation of viral strains. Together those results underscore the importance of proactive surveillance, rapid genomic sequencing, and data sharing to facilitate timely public health responses.

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During these past years, several studies have provided serological evidence regarding the circulation of West Nile virus (WNV) in Brazil. Despite some reports, much is still unknown regarding the genomic diversity and transmission dynamics of this virus in the country. Recently, genomic monitoring activities in horses revealed the circulation of WNV in several Brazilian regions. These findings on the paucity of genomic data reinforce the need for prompt investigation of WNV infection in horses, which may precede human cases of encephalitis in Brazil. Thus, in this study, we retrospectively screened 54 suspicious WNV samples collected between 2017 and 2020 from the spinal cord and brain of horses with encephalitis and generated three new WNV genomes from the Ceará and Bahia states, located in the northeastern region of Brazil. The Bayesian reconstruction revealed that at least two independent introduction events occurred in Brazil. The first introduction event appears to be likely related to the North American outbreak, and was estimated to have occurred in March 2013.The second introduction event appears to have occurred in September 2017 and appears to be likely related to the South American outbreak. Together, our results reinforce the importance of increasing the priority of WNV genomic monitoring in equines with encephalitis in order to track the dispersion of this emerging pathogen through the country.

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The high numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Brazil have made Latin America an epicentre of the pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 established sustained transmission in Brazil early in the pandemic, but important gaps remain in our understanding of virus transmission dynamics at a national scale. We use 17,135 near-complete genomes sampled from 27 Brazilian states and bordering country Paraguay. From March to November 2020, we detected co-circulation of multiple viral lineages that were linked to multiple importations (predominantly from Europe). After November 2020, we detected large, local transmission clusters within the country. In the absence of effective restriction measures, the epidemic progressed, and in January 2021 there was emergence and onward spread, both within and abroad, of variants of concern and variants under monitoring, including Gamma (P.1) and Zeta (P.2). We also characterized a genomic overview of the epidemic in Paraguay and detected evidence of importation of SARS-CoV-2 ancestor lineages and variants of concern from Brazil. Our findings show that genomic surveillance in Brazil enabled assessment of the real-time spread of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.

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Objetivo: investigar os casos de febre maculosa, verificar os aspectos relacionados à assistência à saúde e caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico desses e do ambiente de infecção. Métodos: estudo descritivo dos casos confirmados de FM entre janeiro e novembro de 2017. Foi elaborado um formulário semiestruturado para coleta dos dados. Para as análises epidemiológicas, foram utilizados os programas EpiInfoTM 7 e Qgis® 2.18.1. Foram calculadas frequências, medidas de tendência central, dispersão e indicadores de oportunidade de assistência. Nos ambientes prováveis de infecção, foram realizadas coletas de carrapatos que foram identificados e submetidos à pesquisa de Rickettsia do grupo da FM. Resultados: foram confirmados 15 casos de FM; desses, a maioria foi do sexo masculino (93%) com média de 42 anos de idade; 10 evoluíram para óbito. Todos apresentaram febre, 13(87%) cefaleia e 12(80%) mialgia. Apresentaram mediana e média de evolução para óbito pela doença de 6 dias (1 a 9), oportunidades de hospitalização, tratamento, diagnóstico e notificação de 4,5(0 a 8); 7(0 a 26); 9(DP±6) e 33(DP±45) dias, respectivamente. Para assistência à saúde, 14(93%) casos procuraram atendimento mais de duas vezes, com tempo de internação de 4,5 dias (0 a 8 dias). O hospital foi o serviço procurado, exclusivamente, no quarto atendimento. Dengue e FM foram as hipóteses diagnósticas mais frequentes. Foram coletados 250 espécimes de carrapatos em quatro municípios, sendo em um município identificado Amblyomma sculptum naturalmente infectados. Conclusões: foram assinaladas condições assistenciais pouco sensíveis à ocorrência da FM, o que, provavelmente, colaborou para ocorrência de óbitos, além da necessidade de sensibilização de equipes de saúde e vigilância quanto à ocorrência da FM na região.

Objective: investigate the cases of spotted fever, verify aspects related to health care and characterize the epidemiological profile of these and of the environment of infection. Methods: A descriptive study of confirmed cases of SF between January and November 2017. A semi-structured form for data collection was developed. EpiInfoTM 7 and Qgis® 2.18.1. Frequencies, measures of central tendency, dispersion and indicators of opportunity of assistance were calculated. In the probable environments of infection ticks were collected, identified and submitted to Rickettsia research of the SF group. Results: Fifteen SF cases were confirmed; of these, the majority was male (93%) and averaged 42 years old; 10 evolved to death. All presented fever, 13 (87%) headache and 12 (80%) myalgia. They presented an average of evolution to death by SF of 6 days (1 to 9), opportunities for hospitalization, treatment, diagnosis and notification of 4.5(0 to 8); 7(0 to 26); 9(DP± 6) and 33(DP± 45) days respectively. For health care, 14(93%) cases sought care more than twice and were hospitalized for 4.5-days (0 to 8 days). The hospital was the only service exclusively sought in the fourth service. Dengue and SF were the most frequent diagnostic hypotheses. A total of 250 specimens of ticks were collected in four counties, and in one municipality Amblyomma sculptum was identified as naturally infected. Conclusions: It was pointed out that assistance conditions were not very sensitive to the occurrence of SF which probably contributed to the instance of deaths as well as the need for sensitization of health and surveillance teams regarding the appearance of SF in the region.

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The yellow fever (YF) vaccine consists of an attenuated virus, and despite its relative safety, some adverse events following YF vaccination have been described. At the end of 2016, Brazil experienced the most massive sylvatic yellow fever outbreak over the last 70 years and an intense campaign of YF vaccination occurred in Minas Gerais state in Southeast Brazil from 2016 to 2018. The present study aimed to develop a genotyping tool and investigate 21 cases of suspected adverse events following YF vaccination. Initial in silico analyses were performed using partial NS5 nucleotide sequences to verify the discriminatory potential between wild-type and vaccine viruses. Samples from patients were screened for the presence of the YFV RNA, using 5'UTR as the target, and then used for amplification of partial NS5 gene amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Genotyping indicated that 17 suspected cases were infected by the wild-type yellow fever virus, but four cases remained inconclusive. The genotyping tool was efficient in distinguishing the vaccine from wild-type virus, and it has the potential to be used for the differentiation of all yellow fever virus genotypes.

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Em um cenário global, fatores sociais, demográficos e ambientais levaram ao aumento de muitas doenças transmitidas por vetores nos últimos anos, com registro de grandes surtos de dengue, malária, chikungunya, febre amarela e zika vírus desde 2014. As principais doenças respondem por cerca de 17% da carga global de doenças infecciosas, tirando mais de 700 mil vidas a cada ano, afetando principalmente as populações pobres. Mais de 80% da população mundial vive em áreas com risco de transmissão de ao menos uma das principais doenças transmitidas por vetores e, para mais da metade da população mundial, o risco é de ter duas ou mais doenças. A probabilidade de infecção para certos patógenos virais é particularmente alta em cidades onde os mosquitos Aedes proliferam, tanto pelos habitats favoráveis quanto pelo contato próximo com seres humanos. Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde, a maioria das doenças transmitidas por vetores é evitável, se seu controle for bem implementado. Seu impacto porém, ainda é limitado, por problemas relacionados à sua execução, resultantes de limitação nos investimentos, deficiências na organização da área de entomologia em saúde pública, da coordenação intra e intersetorial e dos sistemas de monitoramento. Além disso ainda é limitado o número de ferramentas para intervenção com evidências suficientes para sua incorporação. A dinâmica e o risco de transmissão de doenças por vetores estão mudando rapidamente devido à urbanização não planejada, maior movimentação de pessoas e bens, mudanças ambientais e desafios biológicos, como vetores emergentes resistentes a inseticidas e cepas de patógenos em evolução. Os sistemas de saúde devem estar preparados para detectar e responder de forma rápida e eficaz a essas mudanças. Tal resposta requer não apenas a disponibilidade de intervenções efetivas de controle baseadas em evidências, mas também uma equipe bem treinada que possa construir sistemas sustentáveis para oferta e monitoramento de controle de vetores flexíveis. Esses sistemas devem suportar abordagens adaptadas aos contextos locais, assim como novas ferramentas e novos métodos. Para atingir esses objetivos, é urgente reformar as estruturas programáticas de controle de vetores.

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The yellow fever virus (YFV) caused a severe outbreak in Brazil in 2016-2018 that rapidly spread across the Atlantic Forest in its most populated region without viral circulation for almost 80 years. A comprehensive entomological survey combining analysis of distribution, abundance and YFV natural infection in mosquitoes captured before and during the outbreak was conducted in 44 municipalities of five Brazilian states. In total, 17,662 mosquitoes of 89 species were collected. Before evidence of virus circulation, mosquitoes were tested negative but traditional vectors were alarmingly detected in 82% of municipalities, revealing high receptivity to sylvatic transmission. During the outbreak, five species were found positive in 42% of municipalities. Haemagogus janthinomys and Hg. leucocelaenus are considered the primary vectors due to their large distribution combined with high abundance and natural infection rates, concurring together for the rapid spread and severity of this outbreak. Aedes taeniorhynchus was found infected for the first time, but like Sabethes chloropterus and Aedes scapularis, it appears to have a potential local or secondary role because of their low abundance, distribution and infection rates. There was no evidence of YFV transmission by Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, although the former was the most widespread species across affected municipalities, presenting an important overlap between the niches of the sylvatic vectors and the anthropic ones. The definition of receptive areas, expansion of vaccination in the most affected age group and exposed populations and the adoption of universal vaccination to the entire Brazilian population need to be urgently implemented.

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A integralidade é um dos princípios doutrinários do SUS que se destina a conjugar as ações direcionadas à materialização da saúde, como direito e como serviço. Para qualificara atenção à saúde a partir da integralidade, é fundamental que os processos de trabalho sejam organizados com vistas ao enfrentamento dos principais problemas de saúde. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar as atividades desenvolvidas pelo Ministério da Saúde, a partir de 2011,para promover a construção de um modelo de atenção integral à saúde, visando à redução do número de óbitos por dengue. Foram realizadas revisões das normas técnicas, estratégias diferenciadas de capacitação e integração das ações de vigilância e atenção à saúde no controle da dengue.

The integrality is one of the doctrinal principles of the SUS that intend to combine different actions for quality health care. It is essential that the work processes been organized with a view to addressing the major health problems for qualifying health care through integrality. The objective of this study is to report the activities of Ministry of Health, since 2011, to promotethe construction of model of integrate health care, aiming to reduce the number of dengue deaths. Review of technical standard, different training strategies and integration of surveillance and health care were conducted in dengue control.

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