RESUMEN

Due to their high specificity and efficacy, triazoles have become versatile antifungals to treat fungal infections in human healthcare and to control phytopathogenic fungi in agriculture. However, azole resistance is an emerging problem affecting human health as well as food security. Here we describe the synthesis of 10 novel {2-(3-R-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)phenyl}amines. Their structure was ascertained by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, 1 H and 13 C NMR, and elemental analysis data. Applying an in vitro growth assay, these triazoles show moderate to significant antifungal activity against the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus niger, 12 fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium fujikuroi, Colletotrichum higginsianum, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Colletotrichum coccodes, Claviceps purpurea, Alternaria alternata, Mucor indicus, Fusarium graminearum, Verticillium lecanii, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium digitatum) and three oomycetes (Phytophtora infestans GL-1, P. infestans 4/91; R+ and 4/91; R-) in the concentration range from 1 to 50 µg/ml (0.003-2.1 µM). Frontier molecular orbital energies were determined to predict their genotoxic potential. Molecular docking calculations taking into account six common fungal enzymes point to 14α-demethylase (CYP51) and N-myristoyltransferase as the most probable fungal targets. With respect to effectiveness, structure-activity calculations revealed the strong enhancing impact of adamantyl residues. The shown nonmutagenicity in the Salmonella reverse-mutagenicity assay and no violations of drug-likeness parameters suggest the good bioavailability and attractive ecotoxicological profile of the studied triazoles.

Asunto(s)

Antifúngicos/síntesis química , Diseño de Fármacos , Hongos Mitospóricos/efectos de los fármacos , Triazoles/síntesis química , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/toxicidad , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Hongos Mitospóricos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Estructura Molecular , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triazoles/química , Triazoles/farmacología , Triazoles/toxicidad

RESUMEN

Tacrolimus (FK506) is an immunosuppressant drug widely used to avoid organ rejection in transplant patients. It has a profound influence on the cellular stress response by interfering with the calmodulin-calcineurin signaling pathway. In this context FK506 also became a valuable antifungal drug in medical care. Here it is shown in vitro that tacrolimus has a potent growth inhibition activity against 11 fungi and 3 oomycetes of agricultural importance. The significance of this finding is discussed with respect to crop protection. The in silico molecular docking to 6 major antifungal enzymes determined UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine: D-glutamate ligase (MurD) as the main target by the best affinity score.

RESUMEN

Nine novel acyl thioureas were synthesized. Their identities and purities were confirmed by LC-MS spectra; each structure was elucidated by elemental analysis, IR, 1 Н and 13 C NMR spectra. Applying an in vitro screening of their antifungal potential, three substances (3, 5, and 6) could be selected as showing high activity against 11 fungi and 3 Phytophthora strains of phytopathogenic significance. Analysis of gene toxicity with the Salmonella reverse mutagenicity test, as an assessment of drug likeness, lipophilicity, and calculations of frontier molecular orbitals assign a low toxicity profile to these compounds. Molecular docking studies point to 14α-demethylase (CYP51) and N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) as possible fungal targets for growth inhibition. The findings are discussed with respect to structure-activity relationship (SAR).

Asunto(s)

Antifúngicos/farmacología , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Tiourea/farmacología , Antifúngicos/síntesis química , Antifúngicos/química , Cromatografía Liquida/métodos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Pruebas de Mutagenicidad , Salmonella/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella/genética , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Tiourea/análogos & derivados , Tiourea/síntesis química

RESUMEN

Antifungal activity of suberic acid monomethyl ester (monomethyl suberate) was investigated in a growth inhibition assay comprising of 11 different fungi and 3 Phytophthora oomycetes strains relevant in agriculture. In comparison to standard antifungal hymexazol, monomethyl suberate showed moderate antifungal effects at a concentration range of 100-300 µg/mL. Alternaria alternata, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium fujikuroi and Phytophtora infestans GL-1 were the most sensitive fungi showing inhibition rates up to 100 %. Physico-chemical descriptors of monomethyl suberate revealed its low toxicity profile. Molecular docking analysis comprising several known antifungal targets points to the N-myristoyltransferase as the most probable site of interaction.